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Psychology: Year 1 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Confounding variables

A

> A variable that is not the IV but which varies systematically with the IV.
‘Confound’ means cause confusion - changes in DV may be due to the confounding variable rather than the IV.

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2
Q

Extraneous variables

A

> Does not act as an alternative IV, but may have an effect on the DV.

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3
Q

Mundane realism

A

> Refers to how an experiment mirrors the real world.

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4
Q

Generalisation

A

> To what extent can I generalise these findings to everyday life

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5
Q

Internal validity

A

> The degree to which an effect was due to the experimental manipulation rather than other factors

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6
Q

External validity

A

> The degree to which research can be generalised to other settings - to other settings (ecological), to other groups of people (population), or over time (historical)

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7
Q

Repeated measures design - Explanation

A

> All participants receive all levels of the IV

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8
Q

Repeated measures design - Limitations

A

> Order effects
When participants do the second test they may guess the purpose of the experiment, which may effect their behaviour

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9
Q

Repeated measures design - Solutions to limitations

A

> Counterbalancing - AB or BA< ABBA
A cover story can be presented about the purpose of the test

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10
Q

Independent group design - Explanation

A

> Participants placed in separate groups - each group does one level of the IV

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11
Q

Independent group design - Limitations

A

> Researcher cant control the effects of participant variables (abilities or characteristics) - becomes a confounding variable

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12
Q

Independent group design - Solutions to limitations

A

> Randomly allocate participants to conditions which distribute participant variables evenly

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13
Q

Matched pairs design - Explanations

A

> Match participants on key characteristics believed to affect performance on the DV

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14
Q

Matched pairs design - Limitations

A

> Very time-consuming and difficult to match participants on key variables
Not possible to control all participant variables because you can only match known to be relevant, but other could be important.

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15
Q

Matched pair design - Solutions to limitations

A

> Restrict the number of variables to match to make it easier
Conduct a pilot study to consider variables that might be important when matching

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16
Q

Lab experiments

A

> Controlled setting

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17
Q

Lab experiments - Strength

A

> High internal validity - good control over all variables is possible - confident that ant any change in DV is due to the IV

18
Q

Lab experiments - Weakness

A

> Low ecological validity - aware they are being studied and the tasks involved tend to be more artificial - may change their behaviour

19
Q

Field experiment - Explanation

A

> Controlled outside a laboratory

20
Q

Field experiment - Strength

A

> Not likely to be aware that their behaviour is being studied - therefore behaviour may be more ‘natural’ and relaxed

21
Q

Field experiment - Limitation

A

> Low internal validity - more difficult to control extraneous variables

22
Q

Natural experiment

A

> Experimenter has not manipulated the IV directly - it varies ‘naturally’

23
Q

Quasi experiment

A

IV is actually not something that varies at all - it’s a condition that exists

24
Q

Investigator effect

A

> Direct - consequence of the investigator interacting with the participant
Indirect - consequence of the investigator designing the study

25
Q

Opportunity sample

A

> People who are most easily available at the time of the study
Easiest method - takes less time
Biased - drawn from a small part of the population

26
Q

Random sample

A

> Random technique
Unbiased - equal chance of being selected
Time consuming - contact all of those selected

27
Q

Stratified sample

A

> Subgroups within a population are identified - selected randomly from subgroups
More representative
Time consuming

28
Q

Systematic sample

A

> Use a predetermined system to select participants
Unbiased
Not truly unbiased unless you select a number using a random method and start with this

29
Q

Volunteer sample

A

> Newspaper, noticeboard, internet
More representative and less bias
Volunteer bias - people may be more motivated to be helpful, or may need the money offered

30
Q

Informed consent

A

> Participants must be given info concerning the nature and purpose of the research and their role in it
Presumptive consent - asking a group similar to the participant whether they would take part

31
Q

Deception

A

> Participant is not told the true aims of the study
Fully debriefed after study -informed of true nature and allowed to withhold data (form of retrospective informed consent)

32
Q

Right to withdraw

A

> Participants can stop if they are uncomfortable in any way
Informed at the beginning of a study

33
Q

Protection from harm

A

> Participants should not experience negative physical or psychological effects
Stop the study if harm is suspected

34
Q

Confidentiality

A

> Trust that personal information will be protected
Numbers or false names to represent participants

35
Q

Privacy

A

> Right to control the information shared about themselves
Don’t study anyone without consent unless public place and behaviour

36
Q

Unstructured observations

A

> Records all relevant behaviour but has no system

37
Q

Structured observation

A

> Various systems to organise observations

38
Q

Behavioural categories

A

> Dividing a target behaviour into a subset of specific and operationalised behaviours

39
Q
A
40
Q

Sampling

A

> Event sampling - counting the number of times a certain behaviour occurs
Time sampling - recording behaviours in a given time frame

Psychology: Year 1 (2 decks)

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