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A-Level Environmental Science > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can you sample aquatic animals?

A

Pond net, kick sampling, surber sampling, planktonic nets, colonisation media.

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2
Q

How can you sample plants?

A

Quadrats (point, grid and open frame)

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3
Q

How can you sample aerial and terrestrial animals?

A

Aerial:
Aerial Insect nets, suction samplers, light traps, sweep nets

Terrestrial:
Pitfall traps, suction samplers, sweep nets, beating trays, tullgren funnels, earthworm extraction (pit digging and soil flooding)

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4
Q

How can you sample earthworms?

A
  1. Soil Flooding - flood the soil and surrounding area in detergent
  2. Soil Pit Extraction - dig a pit of known volume and depth and hand-pick out the worms
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5
Q

When sampling, what is bias?

A

Deviation from results either due to systematic errors or flaws in study design leading to flawed data.

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6
Q

How can bias in sampling be avoided?

A

Standardisation

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7
Q

What should you consider when planning an experiment? (Acronym)

A

LCNTSSS
Location of samples
Count (% cover or population number etc)
Number of samples
Time
Standardisation
Size of sample
Statistical analysis

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8
Q

What types of sampling are there?

A

Random, systematic, stratified

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9
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Dividing the population into subpopulations and taking a proportionate number of samples from each subpopulation.

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10
Q

What is the difference between a transect line and a transect belt?

A

Transect belts use a quadrat along the line.

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11
Q

What are the drawbacks of a transect line?

A

It misses many species that don’t touch it

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12
Q

How does a transect belt fix the problem of transect lines?

A

It uses quadrats to widen the sample area

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13
Q

What is a preliminary study?

A

A test done before an experiment to determine how the experiment should be done

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14
Q

What can a preliminary study tell you?

A

It will give information about the success of the sampling techniques chosen plus the size and number of samples to be taken in order to get valid results.

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15
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is an explanation you can test statistically.

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16
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

This is a statement that says there is no effect or no relationship between variables or populations

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17
Q

How do you know how large to make intervals in a belt transect?

A
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18
Q

What is species density?

A

The mean number of individuals per unit area.

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19
Q

How can you measure species density?

A
20
Q

What is species richness/diversity?

A
21
Q

What is the Lincoln Index?

A

Used to estimate population sizes of individual species. Individuals are captured, marked, released back into the population and recaptured. Results are then put into the equation.

22
Q

What is species frequency?

A

The likelihood of a particular species occurring in a quadrat.

23
Q

What is species evenness?

A
24
Q

How do you calculate species diversity?

A

Simpson’s diversity index
d = n(n-1)/total N(N-1)

25
Q

What specialist techniques can you use to monitor populations?

A

– Tags/Marking
-CCTV/Infared cameras
– DNA databases
– Auditory marking/sonograms
– Position marking – radio/GPS/acoustic tracking (real time)
– Data recorders
– Sensor carrier systems

26
Q

What indirect methods can be used to track populations?

A

Nests, tracks/trails, territorial marks and droppings

27
Q

What is an example of systemic sampling?

A

Belt transect with quadrats

28
Q

What is an example of random sampling?

A

Quadrats with random number generators for co-ordinates

29
Q

What are the advantages of eDNA sampling?

A

More accurate identification of individuals (and population genetics), collection is less time consuming, less disturbance of the sight.

30
Q

What are the limitations of eDNA sampling?

A

Takes longer to obtain DNA analysis results, DNA can degrade in warm conditions, may not have collected enough DNA in samples, doesn’t give indication of individual’s movement.

31
Q

What is Simpson’s diversity index?

A
32
Q

What is Lincoln’s index?

A
33
Q

Pond Nets

A
34
Q

Kick Sampling

A
35
Q

Surber Sampling

A
36
Q

Planktonic Drift Nets

A
37
Q

Colonisation Media

A
38
Q

Aerial Insect Nets

A
39
Q

Suction Samplers

A
40
Q

Light Traps

A
41
Q

Sweep Nets

A
42
Q

Pitfall traps

A
43
Q

Beating Trays

A
44
Q

Tullgren Funnels

A
45
Q

How do you estimate the population size of a species?

A

Lincoln’s Index

46
Q

How do you calculate species density in an area?

A

Simeon’s Diversity Index

A-Level Environmental Science (2 decks)

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