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Psychology - Mrs Quinn > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A testable statement.

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2
Q

What is an Aim?

A

A general statement.

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3
Q

What is a Directional Hypothesis?

A

States there will be a change and predicts the direction of the change.

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4
Q

What is a Non - Directional Hypothesis?

A

States that there will be a change but not the direction of the change.

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5
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis?

A

There is no significant difference.

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6
Q

What is an Independent variable?

A

A characteristic in an experiment that gets changed.

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7
Q

What is the Dependant Variable?

A

A characteristic in an experiment that gets measured.

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8
Q

What is Operationalisation?

A

Clearly defining the variables in terms of how they can be measured (made measurable).

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9
Q

What is an Extraneous variable?

A

Any variable excluding the IV that effects the DV if not controlled.

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10
Q

What is a Demand Characteristic?

A

Any clue about the experiment that might change the participants behavior.

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11
Q

What is the Investigator Effect?

A

Any effect of the researchers behavior on the outcome of the experiment.

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12
Q

What is a Participant Variable?

A

Individual differences between participants that might affect the DV E.g. IQ

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13
Q

What is a Situational Variable?

A

Any features of the environment that may affect the DV E.g. temperature

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of EV’s?

A

1) Demand Characteristics
2) Investigators Effect
3) Participant Variable
4) Situational Variable

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15
Q

What is Standardisation?

A

Using the exact same procedures and instructions for all participants.

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16
Q

What is Randomisation?

A

The use of chance to control and prevent bias.

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17
Q

What is an Experimental Design?

A

How participants are allocated to different conditions.

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18
Q

What are the types of Experimental Designs?

A

1) Repeated Measures
2) Independent Groups
3) Matched Pairs

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19
Q

What is a Repeated Measures Design?

A

Only one group doing both conditions. (A and B)

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20
Q

What does the Repeated Measures Design eliminate? What are the limitations, and how do we over come them?

A

Limitations:
- Demand Characteristic
- Order Effects
(Affects validity)

Overcoming:
- Counter Balancing (ABBA)

Eliminates:
- Participant Variable

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21
Q

What is an Independent Group Design?

A

Two separate random groups. (One group = A
Second group = B)

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22
Q

What does the Independent group Design eliminate? What are the limitations, and how do we over come them?

A

Limitations:
- Participant Variable

Overcoming:
- Randomisation (Prevent
Bias)

Eliminates:
- Order Effects

23
Q

What is a Matched Pairs Deign?

A

Two Separate groups based on certain qualities 2 individuals share. E.g. IQ level

24
Q

What does the Matched Pairs Design eliminate? What are the limitations, and how do we over come them?

A

Limitations:
- Time Consuming
- Expensive
- Can’t match everyone
perfectly

Overcoming:
- Pilot Study

Eliminates:
- Participant Variable

25
Q

What is the Pilot Study?

A

A trial run (Sampling) to pre match participants. E.g. taking an IQ test.

(For the Matched Pairs Design)

26
Q

What is the Order Effects?

A

The individual differences that can affect the outcome of the experiment.

27
Q

What is Counterbalancing?

A

An attempt to control the effects of order in a repeated measures desig.
(ABBA)

28
Q

What are the types of Experiments?

A
  • Laboratory
  • Field
  • Natural
  • Quasi
29
Q

What is a Lab Experiment and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

Experiment held in a controlled artificial environment. IV is manipulated to find effects on the DV. Participants know they’re involved.

Strengths:
- High control (Internal Validity and cause and effects, controls EV’s
-Standardized (Higher validity)

Weaknesses:
- Lacks realism (External Validity, Investigator effect occurs demand
characteristics)

30
Q

What is a Field Experiment and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

In an everyday setting, IV is manipulated to see effects on DV. Behavior is more realistic.

Strengths:
- Eliminates Demand Characteristics
-High External Validity / Realism.

Weaknesses:
- Low internal validity as there is less control of EVs
- Low reliability
- Ethical issue (No consent)

31
Q

What is a Natural Experiment and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

Iv doesn’t get changed as its already happened: Occurs naturally, measures effects on DV.

Strengths:
- Not ethical or practical
-Used when not possible to manipulate the IV

Weaknesses:
- Cannot control EVs (Low internal Validity)
- No validity or reliability

32
Q

What is a Quasi Experiment?

A

A pre - existing dividual difference that cannot be manipulated. E.g. Age, Race, mental illness.

33
Q

What does Reliability mean?

A

Refers to consistency: How constant the results are in an experiment. The use of Standardization.

34
Q

What does Validity mean?

A

Does it measure what we want it to?

35
Q

What does Internal Validity mean?

A

Control: If the effects of the experiment are down to manipulation of the IV and nothing else. (Cause and effect)

36
Q

What does External Validity mean?

A

Realism: The factors outside an experiment. Can it generalize (Reflect) the real world?

37
Q

What is Population / Target population?

A

The whole group that you’re studying.

38
Q

What is a Sample Frame?

A

A list of everyone in the population.

39
Q

What is a Sample?

A

A group taken from the sampling frame.

40
Q

What are the different types of sampling?

A
  • Random
  • Opportunity
  • Volunteer
41
Q

What is Random Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

Where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
E.g. The lottery method or puling names out of a hat.

Strengths:
- Unbiased (NO researcher Bias)
- Representative

Weaknesses:
- Difficult and Time consuming
- Can still end up unrepresentative

42
Q

What is Opportunity Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

Selecting people who is available at that time and are willing to participate.

Strengths:
- Convenient and Saves time
- Less costly

Weaknesses:
-Bias ( Unrepresentative of target population)
-Researcher bias as they have complete control
- Cannot be generalized

43
Q

What is Volunteer Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

Individuals who have chosen to be involved (Self - Selecting)
E.g. Responding to an advert for the experiment.

Strengths:
- Less time consuming as minimal effort gets put in

Weaknesses:
- Volunteer Bias (Can attract a ‘certain profile’) E.g. Day time adverts wont attract full time workers.

44
Q

What is Stratified Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

Dividing the target population into important sub categories.

Strengths:
- Avoids researcher bias (Numbers are randomly selected, No
influence)
- Generalization becomes possible

Weaknesses:
- Cannot reflet all the ways that people are different.

45
Q

What is systematic Sampling and what are the strengths and weaknesses?

A

Choosing participants from a sampling frame using a system.
E.g. Every nth term.

Strengths:
- Avoids researcher bias ( No influence on who’s chosen)
- Fairly representative

Weaknesses:
- Can make the sample bias

46
Q

What does Cross - Sectional mean?

A

Made up of a range of different people that best represents the population.

47
Q

What does Representative mean?

A

When data can accurately be represented the population.

48
Q

What does Genalisation mean?

A

Results from the study that can be applied to the whole of the research population.

49
Q

What are the 3 alternative of getting consent?

A
  • Retrospective (Best one)
  • Presumptive
  • Prior General Consent
50
Q

What is Retrospective informed consent?

A

Consent asked at the end of the experiment and is a part of the debrief (Best one out the three).

51
Q

What is Presumptive consent?

A

Asked opinions of the population (If they think the experiment should be carried out or not)

Nobody actually gives proper consent.

52
Q

What is Prior General consent?

A

When you give consent to a group of researcher (For example BPS)

53
Q

How do you deal with confidentiality?

A
  • Referring them as numbers
  • Personal details must be
    protected and kept private.

Psychology - Mrs Quinn (5 decks)

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