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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent variable

A

variable changed by experimenter, interested in its effect (effect of IV on DV)

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2
Q

Dependent variable

A

variable measured, measured effects of IV

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3
Q

Extraneous variable

A

anything affecting DV that it isn’t IV

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4
Q

Confounding variable

A

uncontrolled variable that acts systematically on one level of IV/exaggerating the difference and confusing results, difficult to understand effect of IV over DV

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5
Q

Control condition

A

IV not present (base level comparing experimental condition

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6
Q

experimental condition

A

IV present (testing effect of IV on DV)

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7
Q

Lab experiment

A

experiment in artificial environment, high degree of control

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8
Q

Field experiment

A

experiment in natural environment, IV manipulated (controlled)

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9
Q

Natural experiment

A

experiment in natural environment, IV not manipulated, observes and use information produced by natural circumstance

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10
Q

Independent measures design

A

experimental design in which different groups of participants used for each level of IV(condition)

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11
Q

Repeated measures design

A

experimental design each participant performing in every level of IV

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12
Q

Matched participants design

A

experimental design participants arranged in pairs, each similar in ways that are important to study, one member of pair performs different level of IV

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13
Q

Standardisation

A

keeping procedure for each participant in studyexactly same to ensure any differences between participants/conditions are due to variables under investigation than difference in the way treated

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14
Q

Reliability

A

extent to which procedure/task/measure consistent

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15
Q

Internal Validity

A

extent to which piece of evidence supports a claim about cause + effect, within the context of particular study

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16
Q

External Valiidity

A

validity of applying conclusions of scientific study outside context of that study

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17
Q

Ecological Validity

A

extent to findings in one situation would generalise others, influenced whther the situation represents the real world effectively/relevant to real life

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18
Q

Generalisability

A

can findings be applied more widely?

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19
Q

Mundane Realism

A

is the task relevant to real life, or artificial and therefore participants treat it so?

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20
Q

Self-report

A

research method (ex. questionnair/interview) obtaining data by asking participants to provide information about themselves

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21
Q

Questionnaire

A

self-report research method using written question through paper+pencil or online

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22
Q

Closed question

A

questions producing quantitative data, have few, stated alternative responses, no opportunity to expand on answers (fixed answers)

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23
Q

Open question

A

question producing qualitative data, participants giving full and detailed answers in their own words (no categories/words given)

24
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

extent to two researchers interpreting qualitative responses will produce same records from same raw data

25
Q

Social desirability bias

A

trying to present oneself in best light by determining what task requires

26
Q

Filler questions

A

items to disguise the aim of the study by hiding important questions among irrelevant ones for participants to less likely work out aims and alter behaviour

27
Q

Interview

A

research method with verbal questions directly, face to face or telephone

28
Q

Structured interview

A

interview using fixed order of questions (script), might require interviewer’s posture, voice, etc. for standardisation

29
Q

Unstructured interview

A

interview with most questions depend on respondent’s answers (topics might given)

30
Q

Subjectivity

A

effect of individual’s personal viewpoint, interpretation can differ, biased by feelings, beliefs, experiences

31
Q

Objectivity

A

impact of unbiased external viewpoint, not affected by individual’s feelings, beliefs, experiences

32
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

study watching participants’ behaviour in their normal environment without interference from researchers in social/physical environment

33
Q

Controlled observation

A

study watching participants’ behaviour in manipulated situation (social, physical) could be normal/artificial

34
Q

Structured observation

A

study that observer records limited range of behaviours

35
Q

Unstructured observation

A

study that observer records whole range of possible behaviours, usually confined to pilot stage at beginning of study to refine behavioural categories

36
Q

Behavioural categories

A

activities recorded, should be operationalised (clearly defined), break continuous stream of activity into decrete recordable events, observable actions

37
Q

Participant observer

A

researcher watching in part of social setting

38
Q

Non-participant observer

A

researcher not involved in situation studies

39
Q

Overt observer

A

role of observer obvious to participants

40
Q

Covert observer

A

role of observer hidden/not obvious

41
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable statement based on aims of investigation

42
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

testable statement predicting difference between levels of IV

43
Q

Non directional (two-tailed) hypothesis

A

statement predicting difference (only one variable will be related to another) (no direction)

44
Q

Directional (one-tailed) hypothesis

A

predicts one variable will be related to another in particular direction

45
Q

Null hypothesis

A

predicts any difference/correlation in results is due to chance

46
Q

Population

A

everyone in target group

47
Q

Sample

A

part of target, representative of population

48
Q

Sampling technique

A

method to obtain participants for study

49
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

participants chosen since available

50
Q

Volunteer (self-selected) sample

A

participants invited to participate and choose to

51
Q

Random sample

A

all members are population equally able to be selected (unbiased)

52
Q

Qualitative

A

descriptive, in-depth results showing ‘quality’

53
Q

Quantitative

A

numerical results

54
Q

Single blind study

A

participants don’t know if they’re in control/experimental group

55
Q

Double blind study

A

neither participants/experimenter/s don’t know control of the group

Psychology (3 decks)

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