Research methods

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

Directional: Type of difference between conditions are specified, ex ‘people who vape are more unhealthy than those that don’t’
-Findings of other studies suggest a particular outcome

Non directional: Only states that there is a difference, doesn’t specify it. ex ‘there is a difference in health between those that vape and those that don’t’
-when no previous research/earlier studies are contradictory

Question 2

Variables

Answer 2

Nuisance variables: variables that don’t vary systematically with the IV, such as age/lighting/room temp

Cofounding variables: variables that change systematically such as personality (can’t tell if it’s the IV or the personality that makes the person chatty)

Question 3

Demand characteristics

Answer 3

Helping the researcher-Please-U effect
Ruining the experiment-Screw-U effect

Question 4

Investigator effect

Answer 4

Any unwanted influence of the researcher on the study such as their attractiveness, leading questions, etc