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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

experimental method

A

manipulation of an IV to measure the effect on the DV

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2
Q

types of experiments

A

lab
natural
quasi
field

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3
Q

aim

A

general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate, purpose of study

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

clear, precise, testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated

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5
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states the direction of the difference or relationship

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6
Q

non-directional hypothesis

A

does not state the direction of difference or relationship

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7
Q

variables

A

any thing that can vary or change within an investigation
generally used in experiments to determine if changes in one thing result in changes to another

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8
Q

independent variable

A

some aspect of experimental situation that is manipulated by the researcher or changes naturally so the effect on DV can be measured

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is measured by the researcher
any effect on DV should be caused by the change in the IV

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10
Q

operationalisation

A

clearly defining variables that states how they can be measured

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11
Q

extraneous variables

A

any variable, other than the IV that may affect the DV if it is not controlled
EVs essentially the nuisance variables that do not vary systematically with the IV

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12
Q

confounding variables

A

a kind of EV but variables vary systematically with the IV
we cannot tell if any change in the DV is due to the IV or CV

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13
Q

demand characteristics

A

Features of a piece of research which allow the participants to work out its aim and/or
hypothesis. Participants may then change
their behaviour and so frustrate the aim of the research

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14
Q

investigator effects

A

any effect of the investigator’s behaviour (conscious/unconscious) on the research outcome
may include everything from the design of study to the selection of, and interaction with, participants during the research process

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15
Q

randomisation

A

the use of chance methods to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of experimental conditions

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16
Q

standardisation

A

using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a research study

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17
Q

experimental designs

A

the different ways in which participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions

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18
Q

independent groups design

A

participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition

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19
Q

repeated measures

A

all participants take part in all conditions of the experiment

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20
Q

matched pairs design

A

pairs of participants are first matched on some variables that may affect the dependent variable
one member of the pair is assigned to condition A and the other to condition B

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21
Q

random allocation

A

an attempt to control for participant variables in an independent groups design which ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition as any other

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22
Q

counterbalancing

A

an attempt to control for the impact of order effects in a repeated measures design

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23
Q

cons of repeated measures + how to fix

A

demand characteristics - randomisation

effects of order - counterbalancing

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24
Q

pros of repeated measure

A

no individual differences

no participant variables

less time consuming

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25
Q

cons of independent groups + how to fix

A

participant variables - change to matched pairs
more expensive

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26
Q

pros of independent groups design

A

eliminate order effects
less time consuming

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27
Q

cons of matched pairs

A

time consuming
more expensive
some individual differences

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28
Q

pros of matched pairs

A

control of individual diferences

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29
Q

pros of lab experiment

A

high control over CV + EV
replication is possible

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30
Q

cons of lab experiment

A

artificial
demand characteristics
low mundane realism

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31
Q

pros of field experiment

A

higher mundane realism than lab
participants unaware

32
Q

cons of field experiment

A

loss of control over CV and EV
ethical issues
difficult to generalise

33
Q

pros of natural experiment

A

provide opportunities for research that may not otherwise be undertaken for practical and ethical reasons

high external validity

34
Q

cons of natural experiment

A

naturally occurring event may only happen very rarely

participants cant be randoly generalised

may be conducted in a lab

35
Q

pros of quasi-experiment

A

carried out under controlled conditions

36
Q

cons of quasi-experiment

A

cannot random allocate
IV is not deliberately changed by researcher

37
Q

bias

A

when certain groups are over/under-represented within the sample selected
limits the extent to which generalisations can be made to the target population

38
Q

generalisation

A

the extent to which findings and conclusions from a particular investigation can be broadly applied to the population

39
Q

name the different types of sampling

A

random
systematic
stratified
opportunity
volunteer

40
Q

random sampling

A

ppts have equal chance of being selected

41
Q

systematic

A

every nth ppts

42
Q

stratified

A

composition of sample reflects the proportions of people in certain subgroups within target population

43
Q

opportunity

A

anyone who is willing and available

44
Q

volunteer

A

participants selecting themselves

45
Q

pros of random sampling

A

potentially unbiased

46
Q

cons of random sampling

A

difficult and time consuming
participants refuse to take part
sample might still be unrepresentative

47
Q

pros of systematic sampling

A

objective

48
Q

cons of systematic sampling

A

time consuming
participants refuse to take part
unrepresentative

49
Q

pros of stratified sampling

A

representative sample

50
Q

cons of stratified sampling

A

complete representation of the target population is not possible
identified strata cannot reflect all the ways the people are different

51
Q

pros of opportunity sampling

A

convenient
less time consuming

52
Q

cons of opportunity sampling

A

unrepresentative
researcher bias

53
Q

pros of volunteer sampling

A

easy
less time-consuming
participants more engaged

54
Q

cons of volunteer sampling

A

demand characteristics
same personality type

55
Q

name ethical issues

A

informed consent
deception
protection from harm
privacy and confidentiality

56
Q

pilot studies

A

small-scale trial run of actual investigation
check procedures, materials, measuring scales
allow researcher to make changes or modifications

57
Q

single-blind study

A

participants not told the aim
researcher knows

58
Q

double-blind

A

both researcher and participants do not know the aim

59
Q

types of observation techniques

A

naturalistic
controlled
covert
over
participant
non-participant

60
Q

pros of naturalistic observation

A

high external validity

61
Q

cons of naturalistic observation

A

lack of control over variables make replication hard

62
Q

pros of controlled observation

A

control of variables
replication

63
Q

cons of controlled observation

A

findings cannot be adapted to real life

64
Q

pros of covert observation

A

participants unaware they are being watched
no demand characteristics
internal validity

65
Q

cons of covert observation

A

ethics

66
Q

pros of overt observation

A

more ethically acceptable

67
Q

cons of overt observation

A

knowledge that participants have may act as a significant influence on their behaviour

68
Q

pros of participants observation

A

give researchers increased insight into peoples lives
external validity

69
Q

cons of participant observation

A

researcher may come to identify too strongly with those they are studying and lose objectivity

70
Q

pros of non-participant

A

maintain objective psychological distance
less danger of them going naive

71
Q

cons of non-participant

A

lose valuable insight
too far from people and behaviour

72
Q

strengths of correlation

A

useful preliminary tool for research by assessing strength and direction of a relationship
quick and economical
secondary data can be used

73
Q

limitation of correlation

A

lack of experimental manipulation and control within a correlation
can only tell us how variables are related but not why
third variable
misused misinterpreted

74
Q

positively skewed

A

long tail on the right

75
Q

negatively skewed

A

long tail on the left

76
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

lenient
too much chance
false positive
falsely reject null

77
Q

what is a type 2 error

A

strict
no room for chance
false negative
falsely accept null

psychology (40 decks)

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