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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the independent variable

A

the one that we change

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2
Q

what is the dependant variable

A

what we are measuring

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3
Q

define operationalise

A

to put a method to a hypothesis

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4
Q

how to get a volunteer sample

A

advert in a newspaper

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5
Q

what is an opportunity sample

A

study done with people available at the time

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6
Q

what is a stratified sample

A

the target group is divided into subgroups - each representing a key characteristic

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7
Q

strength of stratified sampling

A

very fair, represents different groups equally

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8
Q

weakness of stratified sampling

A

takes a long time

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9
Q

strength of volunteer sample

A

simple , time effective

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10
Q

weakness of volunteer sample

A

volunteers are normally similar types of people - low generalisability

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11
Q

strength of opportunity sample

A

quick and easy

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12
Q

weakness of opportunity sample

A

not very representative - low generalisability

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13
Q

strength of random sampling

A

fair and no bias - high validity

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14
Q

weakness of random sampling

A

time consuming

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15
Q

what is a repeated measures design

A

one group of participants takes part in both conditions

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16
Q

what is an independent groups design

A

2 different groups do different conditions

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17
Q

what is a matched pairs design

A

2 groups are matched on similar key characteristic

each group takes part in different conditions

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18
Q

define counter balancing

A

group 1 do A then B
so , group 2 do B then A

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19
Q

what does counter balancing minimise

A

order effects

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20
Q

repeated measures design strength

A

no individuals differences

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21
Q

repeated measures weaknesses

A

order effects

22
Q

independent groups strength

A

no order effects

23
Q

independent groups weakness

A

individuals differences

24
Q

matched pairs strengths

A

no order effects

participant variables controlled

25
Q

matched pairs weaknesses

A

time consuming

may not control all participant variables

26
Q

what is a laboratory experiment

A
  • in an artificial environment
27
Q

lab experiment strengths

A
  • most scientific/ objective
  • controls extraneous variables
  • replicable which may show predictive validity
28
Q

lab experiments weaknesses

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • may involve deception
  • possible demand characteristics
29
Q

what is a field experiment

A

conducted in a natural environment

30
Q

field experiment strengths

A
  • high ecological validity
  • no demand characteristics
  • cause and effect conclusions can be drawn so high internal validity
31
Q

field experiments weaknesses

A
  • hard to control extraneous/ confounding variables so reduces internal validity
  • more difficult to replicate
  • can be affected by experimenter effects
32
Q

what are natural experiments

A

naturally occurring IV and DV

33
Q

natural experiments strengths

A
  • ethical as IV is not manipulated
34
Q

natural experiments weakness

A
  • no control of extraneous variables
  • rare to find events that can be studied
  • ethical issues (deception, informed consent)
35
Q

strengths of closed questions

A
  • quick and easy
  • easily analysed
  • questions are all the same so more reliable
36
Q

weakness of closed questions

A
  • limited amount of info
  • choice answers could mean different things to different people (subjective) so lacks validity
37
Q

strengths of open questions

A
  • respondents can answer freely
  • more detailed and valid , true to real life
  • more objective
38
Q

weakness of open questions

A
  • more time and effort needed
  • qualitative analyses can lead to subjective interpretation
39
Q

3 types of interviews

A
  1. structured
  2. semi structured
  3. unstructured
40
Q

structured interviews strengths

A
  • easy
  • do not need to establish a rapport
41
Q

weaknesses of structured interviews

A
  • data can lack depth
  • respondents may not be able to express opinions fully
42
Q

strengths of semi structured interviews

A
  • conversations flow better
  • more comfortable as more relaxed atmosphere
43
Q

weaknesses of semi structured interviews

A
  • flexibility may lessen reliability
44
Q

strengths of unstructured interviews

A
  • more flexible as questions can be changed
  • increased validity
  • usually in depth and detailed
45
Q

weaknesses of unstructured interviews

A
  • time consuming
  • employing and training interviewers is expernsive
46
Q

what is a longitudinal study

A

A group of participants are studies over a long period of time (e.g. months, years etc.)

47
Q

strengths of longitudinal studies

A
  • no participant variables
  • great at spotting developmental trends
48
Q

weaknesses of longitudinal studies

A
  • dropouts of the study
  • time consuming, expensive
  • participants and researcher might form a relationship and then results may become bias
49
Q

define cross sectional studies

A

uses several groups of participants at a single point in time (e.g same age,gender, ethnicity)

50
Q

strengths of cross sectional studies

A
  • cheap, quick and practical
  • participants are more easily obtained
51
Q

weaknesses of cross sectional studies

A
  • less detailed data
  • the data collected is from a snapshot in time, it is harder to identify and analyse developmental trends

Psychology (6 decks)

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