Research methods Flashcards
one tailed test
directional hypothesis
two tailed test
non-directional hypothesis
nominal data is…
frequency count data e.g. tally chart
can be categorised
qualitative data
e.g. ethnicity
ordinal data is…
can be categorised and ranked in order
qualitative data
e.g. Top 5 Olympic medallists
interval data is…
Can be categorised, ranked and spaced with intervals
quantitative data
e.g. test scores
What is peer review
A type ll error is…
when the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted. Di
A type l error is….
The levels of IV are…
the different versions of the IV/how many IVs there are
what is hypothesis testing?
(feature of science, FOS)
It uses scientific methods to test the hypothesis. It tests if there is a cause and effect relationship
(FOS) Empirical evidence is….
when information is collected through direct observation
(FOS) Falsifiability is…
To test a hypothesis, it must be able to be proven false. If it is non-falsifiable then it’s not scientific
(FOS) Replicability is…
replicating a study and getting the same results.
experimental group vs control group
experimental-Levels of IV is manipulated
control- Levels of IV is not manipulated
extraneous variable
variable other than IV that affects DV
confounding variable
type of extraneous variable. It varies with levels of IV
internal validity is…
when a test measures what it claims to measure
two ways of assessing the internal validity of a test
-face validity
-concurrent validity
face validity is when…
when a test APPEARS to measure what it claims to measure
concurrent validity is…
compare results of a test to a previous test of the same behaviour, known to be valid.
Similar results=concurrent validity
different results=no validity
reliability is…
the consistency of a measure
(FOS)What is a paradigm and paradigm shift?
A paradigm is a example or pattern of something like a model. In science, it’s the set of practices that defines a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. A ‘paradigm shift’ happens when there’s a major change in the concepts and practices that shape the scientific discipline. It’s like when everyone thought the Earth was the centre of the universe and then they realised the Sun was. That shift changed how people viewed and studied the universe
Manipulating the IV means that…
Researchers are intentionally changing or varying the IV to see what effect it has on the DV. It’s like adjusting the volume on your phone to see how it affects your friend’s reaction —-turning it up to see if they dance or down to see if they calm
state the 3 types of extraneous variables
-situational variables
-investigator effects
-participant variables
participant variables is…
individual differences/personal characteristics that influence behaviour and affect the study
Investigator effects is when…
when a (personal characteristic of)researcher influences the results of a study/how the participants act.
Expectations of researcher may change how they behave, leading to investigator effects.
situational variables is…
external factors that could influence the behaviour of participants. e.g. the weather
Demand characteristics is…
-A type of situational variable
-hints that enable participants to GUESS the aims of a study
-participants act in a way they wouldn’t normally do
effect of uncontrolled extraneous variables
reduces reliability and validity
participant variables are controlled by…
matching(may be time consuming)
—> Making sure a particular characteristic of the participants is divided equally across experimental and control groups)
random allocation
participants ate assigned by random to different groups
situational and investigator effects are controlled by….
standardisation
when researchers make an extraneous variable the same for all participants, e.g. sitting on the same type of chair -so that validity and reliability increase.
A single blind study is….
Participant does not know what experimental group they are in
-reduced demand characteristics
A double blind study is …
-neither participant nor researcher know who is in the experimental group
-reduces investigator effects and demand c.
external validity is…
whether results generalise to other people and situations. Also, if the sample is representative of the population
state the 3 types of external validity
-temporal validity
-ecological validity
-population validity
define each type of external validity
–ecological validity-when results of a study generalise to how people behave in REAL LIFE context
–temporal - When the results generalise across time.
—population- results generalise to other populations
systematic sampling is…
pros/cons
picking ever nth person from an entire population
pro-representative
con-time consuming
stratified sampling is…
pros/cons
sample has the same proportions of each subgroup of the total population
STEPS:
-identify subgroups within population
-identify how many people are needed in each subgroup according to proportions of original population
- sample randomly until they get the number for each subgroup
pro-representative
con-time consuming
types of sampling
-random(every person has an equal chance of being selected)
-volunteer
-opportunity
-stratified
-systematic
median
The midpoint of the scores, when placed in numerical order from low to high.
mean
Calculated by adding together every score from the data set, and dividing by the number of scores.
mode
The most common score in a data set
range
subtract lowest score from highest score
standard deviation
how much scores deviate from the mean
correlation
shows how closely linked two sets of scores are
