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Social influence > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lab study?

A

Researcher has full control over all variables- standardised procedure.
The IV is manipulated and the change in the DV is measured.

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2
Q

Lab study- strengths

A

1)High internal validity
2)Highly replicable
3)Cause & Effect found

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3
Q

Lab study - Limitations

A

1)Demand characteristics
2)Lacks ecological validity- not generalisable as it’s not a usual environment
3)Lack external validity- not a usual task

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4
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

An experiment done in a natural setting to avoid the artificial nature of a lab study. The IV is manipulated and the change in DV is measured.

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5
Q

Field experiment- strengths

A

1) Higher ecological validity as environment is natural
2)High mundane realism as behaviour is what participant would normally carry out.
3) No demand characteristics as participants are unaware they are in experiment.

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6
Q

Field experiment- limitations

A

1) Can’t control extraneous variables
2) Impossible to randomly assign participants into separate conditions.

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7
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

Experiment done on naturally occurring IVs and measuring the DV which can’t be controlled by the researcher.

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8
Q

Natural experiment- strengths

A

1)Natural experiments allow research into areas that can’t be done otherwise due to ethical or cost issues.
2)High external validity- no demand characteristics.

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9
Q

Natural experiment- limitations

A

1)Not replicable as it’s a rare occurrence
2)Extraneous variables can’t be controlled so researcher can’t say cause and effect was found.

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10
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

When something already exists in the participants. The IV is naturally occurring which is what impacts the DV as all other factors that can impact the DV are controlled.

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11
Q

Quasi experiment- strengths

A

The only way to measure pre-existing traits.

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12
Q

Quasi experiment- limitations

A

Confounding variables

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13
Q

What is a controlled observation?

A

Variables are controlled to give participants the same experience, usually in a lab setting.

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14
Q

Controlled observation- strengths

A

1) Reliable- standardised procedure
2)Internal validity- no extraneous variables

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15
Q

Controlled observation- limitations

A

1)Demand characteristics

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16
Q

What is a natural observation?

A

Observation conducted in a natural environment.

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17
Q

Natural observation- strength

A

1)Generalisable

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18
Q

Natural observation- limitation

A

1) Extraneous variables are hard to control.

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19
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

Participants can see the observer.

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20
Q

Overt observation-strength

A

1) Ethical- informed consent given

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21
Q

Overt observation- limitation

A

2) Demand characteristics

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22
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

Participants can’t see observer

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23
Q

Covert observation- strength

A

1) No demand characteristics

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24
Q

Covert observation- limitation

A

1) Ethical issue- no informed consent

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25
Q

What is a participant observation?

A

When the researcher takes part in the study.

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26
Q

Limitations of participant observation?

A

1) Researcher may be subjective and bias.

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27
Q

Strength of participant observation?

A

1) Researcher can build rapport.
2) Behaviour would be more naturalistic.

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28
Q

What is a Observational design?

A

The choice of behaviours to record and how they are measured.

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29
Q

Types of observational designs?

A

Natural and controlled.
Time sampling and event sampling
Overt and covert.
Participant and non-participant.

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30
Q

What is time sampling?

A

When you record operationalised behaviours in a set time span.

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31
Q

What is event sampling?

A

Recording operationalised behaviours every time they happen.

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32
Q

Limitations of time sampling?

A

Missing the behaviour category when it is not in the time category.

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33
Q

Strengths of time sampling?

A

More flexibility to record unexpected behaviour.

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34
Q

Limitations of event sampling?

A

May miss a behaviour.

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35
Q

Strengths of event sampling?

A

Will be able to record all behaviour on the operationalised behaviour list.

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36
Q

How do you assess reliability?

A

Inter observer reliability.

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37
Q

What is inter observer reliability?

A

Two or more professionals in the field conduct the same experiment.
Check the correlation co-efficient is 0.8+.

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38
Q

What is a self report technique?

A

When the participant reveals information about themselves through an interview or questionnaire.

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39
Q

What is a closed question?

A

A question where you have fixed answer options. Produces quantitative data.

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40
Q

What is an open question?

A

A question where you don’t have set answers. This produces qualitative data.

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41
Q

Limitation of closed questions?

A

Less valid as participants chose best fit answer rather then what they truly think.

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42
Q

Strength of closed questions?

A

Data is easy to compare.

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43
Q

Limitation of open questions?

A

Data is hard to compare as patterns can’t be spotted.

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44
Q

Strength of open questions?

A

Data is more valid.

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45
Q

What to do when designing a questionnaire or interview?

A

1)No leading questions
2)No complex terminology
3)Making questions simpler
4)Pilot study- make sure questions are understandable and true aim or study isn’t given away.
5)Filer questions- Make participant more comfortable before hard questions and can hide true aim of the study.

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46
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

A full set of questions asked to answer.

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47
Q

Strengths of a structured interview?

A

1)Interviewees are easy to compare due to same Q’s asked.
2) Doesn’t require someone with training to interview participants.

48
Q

Limitations of a structured interview?

A

1) Can’t ask follow-up questions when participant says something interesting.

49
Q

What is an unstructured interview?

A

No list of questions given/free flowing conversation.

50
Q

Strengths of an unstructured interview?

A

1)Can ask follow up questions when participant says something interesting.
2)Can build rapport with participant.

51
Q

Limitations of an unstructured interview?

A

1) Interviews are hard to compare as different questions and conversations are had.
2) Highly trained interviewer to ask Q’s in the moment.

52
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A

Prepared questions combined with additional questions.

53
Q

Strengths of a semi-structured interview?

A

1) Comparisons can be made
2)Follow up questions can be asked
3) Rapport can be built.

54
Q

Limitation of a semi-structured interview?

A

1) Highly trained interviewer required to ask follow up Q’s.

55
Q

Strengths of a questionnaire?

A

1)Cheap and quick
2)Easy to compare

56
Q

Limitations of a questionnaire?

A

1) Can’t rephrase questions
2) Not taken seriously

57
Q

Strengths of an interview?

A

1)Rapport can be built
2)Questions can be rephrased

58
Q

Limitations of an interview?

A

1) Interviewer is required.
2) Interviewer effects bias.

59
Q

What is the difference between an experiment and correlations?

A

Experiments require the manipulation of a IV and how that changes the DV. Whereas a correlation compares two co-variables.

60
Q

Strengths of a correlation?

A

1) Potential causal effects.
2)Easily accessible co-variables.

61
Q

Limitation of a correlation?

A

No causation.

62
Q

What is content analysis?

A

Indirect observational method used to analyse human behaviour.

63
Q

Content analysis method

A

1) Research topic
2)Select a sample
3)Coding
4)Working through data
5)Data analysis

64
Q

How to test for reliability?

A

Test-retest & Inter rater
The correlation coefficient has to be 0.8 or higher.

65
Q

What test-retest reliability?

A

Run the content analysis on the same sample again & compare the data.

66
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

A second researcher does the content analysis using the same data and behavioural categories & compare them.

67
Q

Strengths of content analysis?

A

1) High external validity- generalisable
2) Easily replicable with same coding and behavioural categories.

68
Q

Limitations of content analysis?

A

1) Low validity
2) Researcher bias

69
Q

What is thematic analysis?

A

When the researcher reads the test first and allows themes to emerge themself.

70
Q

Strength of thematic analysis?

A

1) Reduces researcher bias
2) High external validity
3)Easy to replicate

71
Q

Limitations of thematic analysis?

A

1) Subjective interpretations
2) Data not created in a controlled environment.

72
Q

What is a case study?

A

Detailed, in-dept research into one person, group or institution.

73
Q

Strengths of a case study?

A

1) Holistic
2) Only way to research in depth
3) Creates hypothesises that can be tested. e.g. Broca’s area being tested for by a FMRI

74
Q

Limitations of a case study?

A

1)Not generalisable
2) Social desirability bias- from interview
3) Researcher bias- when they do a write-up

75
Q

What is an aim?

A

What you plan on researching.

76
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A statement

77
Q

What is a null hypothesis ?

A

No change in the DV.

78
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

When there is a change in the DV.

79
Q

Non-directional hypothesis uses…?

A

“There will be a difference between…”

80
Q

Directional hypothesis uses…?

A

“There will be an increase/decrease…”

81
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

Any theory can’t be 100% true.

82
Q

The probability needs to be…to be accepted data?

A

0.05 or 5%

83
Q

Types of sampling? (5)

A

Opportunity sampling
Stratified sampling
Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Volunteer sampling

84
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Participants are chosen at random from the target population by putting names in a hat or numbering each person and having a number generator.

85
Q

Strength of random sampling?

A

1) No researcher bias

86
Q

Limitation of random sampling?

A

1) Sample may be unrepresentative.
2) Time consuming

87
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Having a list of your target population and picking every nth person in the list.

88
Q

Strengths of systematic sampling?

A

No researcher bias

89
Q

Limitations of systematic sampling?

A

1) Sample may be unrepresentative.
2) Time consuming- With a large target population it’s hard to get through everyone.

90
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

The researcher asks available members of the target population.

91
Q

Strengths of opportunity sampling?

A

1) Quick and easy

92
Q

Limitation of opportunity sampling?

A

1) Researcher bias
2) Unrepresentative sample of target population

93
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

When someone from the target population puts themselves forward.

94
Q

Strengths of volunteer sampling?

A

1) Quick and easy
2) Reach a large audience

95
Q

Limitations of volunteer sampling?

A

1) Not generalisable - volunteer bias as they may be friendlier and have more free time.

96
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Participants within sample are the same proportion to target population.

97
Q

Strengths of stratified sampling?

A

1) Representative - generalisable
2) avoids researcher bias

98
Q

Limitations of stratified sampling?

A

1) Doesn’t include every possible characteristic
2) Time consuming

99
Q

Name the experimental designs? (3)

A

Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs

100
Q

What is Independent groups?

A

Participants in each experimental condition are different. -Unrelated data

101
Q

Strengths of independent groups

A

1)No demand character effects
2) No order effect

102
Q

Limitations of independent groups?

A

1) Individual differences
2) Double the amount of people

103
Q

What is a repeated measure design?

A

The same group of participants take part in both experimental conditions.- Related data

104
Q

Strengths of repeated measure design?

A

1) No individual differences
2) Half the amount of people compared to IGD

105
Q

Limitations of repeated measure designs ?

A

1) Demand characteristics
2) Order effects- counter balance (half do one condition and other half do the other condition and they swap)- this doesn’t completely remove order effects but reduces it.

106
Q

What is matched pair design?

A

Participants are assessed and are paired with someone similar to them in separate conditions.

107
Q

Strengths of matched pair design?

A

1)Reduces individual differences
2) No order effects

108
Q

Limitations of matched pair designs?

A

1) May have individual differences as its not the same person
2) Takes longest to set up
3) Double amount of people

109
Q

Types of extraneous variables?

A

1) Demand characteristics
2) Participant variables
3) Order effect
4) Situational variables
5) Confounding variables

110
Q

How do researchers avoid ethical issues?

A

1) Informed consent
2) Right to withdraw
3) Protection from harm
4) Confidentiality
5) Debrief

111
Q

Limitation of avoiding ethical issues?

A

The benefit from a study takes a while to be realised in society therefore a cost-benefit analysis can’t be done accurately.

112
Q

What is peer review?

A

Having a specialist in the same field check your work.

113
Q

Strengths of peer review?

A

1) Scientists are more honest with work
2) Helps build a relationship with the public
3) Increases reputation of academic institutions.

114
Q

Limitations of peer review?

A

1) Journalists that specialise in the same field may be hard to find.
2) May reject work due to rivalry
3) Academic leaders may get published do to fear of reactions if rejected.
4) Anonymous people may take ideas
5) Important negative findings aren’t published.

115
Q

What is the emprical method?

A

Collecting data from a direct experience.

116
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

A “scientific revolution”

117
Q
A

Social influence (4 decks)

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