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RMA Midterms > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

No two individuals are alike

A

variable

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2
Q

A quantity or a characteristic that has
two or more mutually exclusive values
of properties

A

variable

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3
Q

types of variables

A

5

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4
Q

the stimulus
variable which is chosen by the
researcher to determine its
relationship to an observed
phenomenon

A

independent variable

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5
Q

response
variable that is observed and
measured to determine the effect of
the independent variable.

A

dependent variable

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6
Q

a secondary or special type
of independent variable chosen by the researcher
to ascertain if it alters or modifies the relationships
between the independent and dependent
variables

A

moderate variable

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7
Q

variable controlled by the
researcher in which the effects can be neutralized
by eliminating or removing the variable.

A

control variable

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8
Q

variable which interferes
with the independent and dependent variables,
but its effects can either strengthen o weaken the
independent and dependent variables

A

intervening variable

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9
Q

research process component

A

10

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10
Q

Quality of researchable problem

A

4

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11
Q

SMART

A

Specific, measurable, realistic, time-bound

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12
Q

the problem should be specifically
stated

A

specific

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13
Q

the problem should be specifically
stated

A

measurable

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14
Q

the data are achievable using
correct statistical techniques to arrive at precise
results

A

achievable

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15
Q

real results are not manipulated

A

realistic

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16
Q

time frame is required in every activity because the shorter the completion the better

A

time-bound

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17
Q

Criteria of a good research problem

A

5

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18
Q

an interesting research
problem attracts the attention of the
investigator to study the problem
further. It also makes him determined
to work on until its completion

A

interesting

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19
Q

researchers must keep in mind that
they work not for themselves but for
the people

A

relevant to the needs of people

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20
Q

a good research problem
may not be necessarily new. It may be
reinstatement and a restructuring of an
old problem to make it new. In this
manner, results will be more relevant
and useful to a greater number of
people

A

innovative

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21
Q

4ms

A

man, money, materials, machinery

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22
Q

A
research problem should be economical and
effective in solving the problems of the society; it
should also augment social, economical and health
conditions of the people and many others

A

cost-effective

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23
Q

– a good research
problem is measurable by using research
instruments, like tests, questionnaires, rating scales,
observation schedules or interviews, and statistical
treatment to arrive at scientific and meaningful
results. A good research can be completed within a
time frame stated. The shorter completion of the
project, the better

A

measurable and time-bound

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24
Q

The statement of purpose for which the
investigation is to be conducted.

A

research objectives

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25
Q

Also have the same characteristics,
SMART, with research problem

A

research objectives

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26
Q

Stated specifically in simple language in
order that the researcher finds them
easy to measure by using research
instruments in collecting data and these
data are achieved when correct
statistical techniques are used to arrive
at real results, but every activity to be
done, time frame is required because
the shorter completion of the activity,
the better

A

research objectives

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27
Q

Interrogative

A

problem

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28
Q

declarative

A

objective

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29
Q

They provide clear explanations
regarding the relationships of variables.
“The fact that variables can be shown
to be associated but does not
guarantee that the relationship of
variables has significance”. Theoretical
framework- legal basis to describe
properly that process of the study

A

theoretical and conceptual framework

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30
Q

shapes the
justification of the research
problem/research objectives in order to
provide the legal basis for defining its
parameters. It is desirable for an
investigator to identify key concepts that
are used in the study for better
understanding of the role of theory in
research

A

theoretical framework

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31
Q

symbolic construction which uses abstract
concepts, facts or laws, variables and their
relations that explains and predicts how an
observed phenomenon exists and operates. And
investigator is required to formulate existing
theories which link his study because theories
are useful devise for interpreting, criticizing, and
unifying established scientific laws or facts that
guide in discovering new generalizations

A

theoretical framework

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32
Q

presents specific and
well defined concepts which are called constructs.
Its function is similar with theoretical framework
because the constructs used are derived from
abstract concepts of the theoretical framework.

A

conceptual framework

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33
Q

Presented in either inductive or deductive
perspective

A

significance of the study

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34
Q

Should be presented comprehensively in
order to convince the screening
committee of the importance of the study

A

significance of the study

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35
Q

the researcher moves from
particular to the general, and presents the
importance of the study from the target
beneficiaries to the researcher himself, to
the people in the community, to the
people of the province, region and nation

A

inductive

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36
Q

general to particular,
discussion of the importance of the study
starts first from the national level down to
the researcher himself to the target
beneficiaries.

A

deductive

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37
Q

important contributions to:

A

5

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38
Q

Includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research
instruments, the research issues or concerns, the duration of the study, and
the constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the study

A

scope and limitation of the study

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39
Q

Last section of chapter 1 of thesis, dissertation and research paper. Thesis
and dissertations do not include this section of the study if there are more
than 15 terms defined because tis portion is for the glossary. In this section,
the key terms are clearly defined

A

definition of terms

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40
Q

2 ways to define key terms:

A

conceptual and operational definition

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41
Q

– the definition of terms are based on concepts or
hypothetic ones which are usually taken from the dictionary

A

conceptual definition

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42
Q

– the definitions are based on observable
characteristics and how it is used in the study

A

operational definition

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43
Q

Aim to gain insight into the aspects of the
problem that are critical and controversial,

A

rrl

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44
Q

Provides the investigator a background
regarding the aspects which have been
studied and not yet studied.

A

rrl

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45
Q

assists him/her to do on the components of
the research process.

A

rrl

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46
Q

Gives ideas to proceed with his study until its
completion

A

rrl

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47
Q

to determine the similarities and differences
of the findings between the past and present
studies.

A

rrl

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48
Q

the investigator is required to read all
literature and studies partially and closely
related to his study

A

rrl

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49
Q

thre parts of literature

A

related readings, related literature, related studies

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50
Q

these are laws and department directives such as
circulars, orders, memoranda, and others which are related to the
present study. These will serve as legal bases for the paradigm of the
study. It also presents the study as having direct or indirect implications
to the government thrusts.

A

related readings

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51
Q

these are laws and department directives such as
circulars, orders, memoranda, and others which are related to the
present study. These will serve as legal bases for the paradigm of the
study. It also presents the study as having direct or indirect implications
to the government thrusts.

A

related literature

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52
Q

published and unpublished research studies are the
sources. It has direct bearing to the present study and are segregated
into foreign and local studies. Similar to related readings and related
literature, arranged in chronological order

A

related studies

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53
Q

the researcher should identify the bearing
of the related studies upon the present study.

A

justification of the present study

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54
Q

four kinds of research design

A

historical, descriptive, experimental, sampling

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55
Q

– study focused in the past

A

historical design

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56
Q

branch of knowledge concerned with past
events, especially those involving human affairs; search for
knowledge and the truth; any integrated narrative or descriptive
past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the
whole truth.

A

history

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57
Q

A systematic and critical inquiry of the whole truth of past
events using critical method in the understanding and the
interpretation of facts which are applicable to current issues
and problems

A

historical design

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58
Q

is both science and art

A

research in history

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59
Q

Historical design is scientific and the narration thereof is an _____

A

art

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60
Q

History differs from the natural sciences because it is based
___________ which cannot be repeated,
although similar events may occur unlike in natural sciences
where it is based upon experimentation

A

upon the reports of observations

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61
Q

uses of historical research

A

5

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62
Q

major steps in historical research

A

3

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63
Q

sources of historical research

A

primary, secondary

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64
Q

under primary sources of historical design

A

documents, remains

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65
Q

– includes school directives
such as orders, circulars, constitution,
laws, charters, court decisions, executive
and other official records such as
proceedings of administrative officers and
bodies, reports of school surveys, annual
reports, courses of study, catalogues and
prospectuses, newspapers and
periodicals; personal materials such as
autobiographies, legal instruments
executed by individuals such as contracts,
wills, and deed.

A

documents

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66
Q

include the physical plant;
equipment, apparatus, teaching aids and
devices, picture of buildings or furnishing,
forms of diplomas and certificates,
textbooks and reference books

A

remains

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67
Q

materials as histories of
education, bibliographies, encyclopedias, and may
others. In some historical studies, it is necessary to start
with secondary sources if primary sources are not yet
available.

A

secondary sources

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68
Q

the focus is present condition.

A

descriptive design

69
Q

examples of documents

A

orders, circulars, constitution,
laws, charters, court decisions, executive
and other official records such as
proceedings of administrative officers and
bodies, reports of school surveys, annual
reports, courses of study, catalogues and
prospectuses, newspapers and
periodicals; personal materials such as
autobiographies, legal instruments
executed by individuals such as contracts,
wills, and deed.

70
Q

the purpose is to find the new truth

A

descriptive design

71
Q

truth in different forms

A

5

72
Q

are valuable in providing facts on
which scientific judgements may be based.

A

descriptive studies

73
Q

They provide
essential knowledge about the nature of objects

A

descriptive studies

74
Q

also play a large part in the
development of instruments for the measurement of
many things, instruments that are employed in all types
of quantitative research as data gathering instruments,
for instance, tests, questionnaires, interviews,
observation schedules, check lists, score cards, and
rating scales

A

descriptive studies

75
Q

types of descriptive reseacrh

A

8

76
Q

this approach is
appropriate whenever the object of any class
vary among themselves and one is interested in
knowing the extent to which different conditions
obtain among these objects.

A

descriptive survey

77
Q

signifies the gathering of data regarding the present conditions

A

survey

78
Q

useful in proving the value
facts, focusing attention on the most important
things to be reported.

A

survey

79
Q

necessary to determine the psychological and
social aspects of research by way of application
or implementation of evidence to recognize
between facts and influence

A

descriptive survey

80
Q

it may be used in solving practical problems

A

decriptive survey

81
Q

sometimes used because surveys are frequently
made to ascertain the normal or typical
condition, or to compare local test results with a
state or national norm

A

descriptive-normative survey

82
Q

seeks to answer questions to real facts
relating to existing conditions.

A

descriptive status

83
Q

A technique in quantitative
description which determines the prevailing conditions in a
group of case chose for study. Stress current conditions with the
assumption that things will change. They cover many traits or
characteristics of the group

A

descriptive status

84
Q

determines or describes the nature of
an object be separating it into parts. Its purpose is to discover
the nature of things

A

descriptive-analysis

85
Q

employed in natural sciences

A

descriptive-classification

86
Q

appraise carefully the worthiness of the current study

A

descriptive evaluative

87
Q

comparative survey where the
researcher considers at least two entities (not manipulated) and
establishes a formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on
the basis of which he can compare and conclude which of the
two is better.

A

descriptive-comparatove

88
Q

designed to determine the relationship of two variables

A

correlational survey

89
Q

a problem-solving approach that the study is described in the future on “what
will be” when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated

A

experimental design

90
Q

types of experimental design

A

9

91
Q

is necessary especially fi the
population is to large where the 4 M’s
resources of the investigator are limited.

A

cost effective

92
Q

may be defined as the method
of getting a representative portion of the
population.

A

sampling

93
Q

the aggregate or total of
objects, persons, families, species, etc.

A

population

94
Q

a value calculated from a sample distribution

A

statistic

95
Q

corresponding value from a population distribution

A

parameter

96
Q

the body of statistical
methods concerned with the making of
statements about population parameters for
sample statistics

A

sampling statistics

97
Q

advantages of sampling

A

5

98
Q

limitations of sampling

A

5

99
Q

determination of sample size

A

researchers decision

100
Q

sloven’s formula

A

n = N / 1 + N (e)^2

101
Q
  • a methodical process of
    gathering and analyzing specific information to
    proffer solutions to relevant questions and
    evaluate the results
A

data collection

102
Q

It focuses on finding out all
there is to a particular subject matter.

A

data collection

103
Q

—— is
collected to be further subjected to ——- which seeks to explain a phenomenon.

A

data, hypothesis testing

104
Q

two categories of data collection

A

primary and secondary data collection methods

105
Q

the
gathering of raw data collected at the source.

A

primary data collection methods

106
Q

It is a process of collecting the original data
collected by a researcher for a specific
research purpose.

A

primary data collection methods

107
Q

referred to as the gathering of second-hand
data collected by an individual who is not the
original user.

A

secondary data collection methods

108
Q

It is the process of collecting
data that is already existing, be it already
published books, journals, and/or online
portals.

A

secondary data collection methods

109
Q

In terms of ease, it is much less
expensive and easier to collect.

A

secondary data collection methods

110
Q

two categories of data collection methods

A

quantitative and qualitative

111
Q
  • dealing with something that
    can be counted, they area presented in numbers and
    require a mathematical calculation to deduce. -
    questionnaires, surveys, and documents and records.
A

quantitative methods

112
Q

These methods of primary data collection are
generally used to make long-term forecasts.

A

quantitative methods

113
Q

consider factors other than
numerical values, it is based on the non-quantifiable
elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher.

A

qualitative methods

114
Q

useful in situations when historical data is not
available.

A

qualitative methods

115
Q

useful in situations when historical data is not
available.

A

qualitative methods

116
Q

Quantitative Data Collection Tools

A

Online
Mail
Face-to-face
Phone

117
Q

Four different primary quantitative research designs

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Correlational
  3. Experimental
  4. Quasi-experimental
118
Q

explains the current status of a
variable using observational data collection

A

Descriptive research

119
Q

Often, the
researcher begins without a hypothesis and lets the data
steer the direction of the study.

A

Descriptive research

120
Q

seeks to collect data that shows
relationships between different occurrences

A

Correlational research

121
Q

positive correlation

A

two variables either increase or decrease at the
same time.

122
Q

negative correlation

A

increase in one
variable means a decrease in another.

123
Q

zero correlation result,

A

, in which the relationship
between two variables is insignificant.

124
Q

helps make
predictions based on historical relationships and in determining
the validity and reliability of a study.

A

correlation

125
Q

also known as “true experimentation,”
uses the scientific method to determine the cause-and-effect
relationship between variables. T

A

experimental research

126
Q

This method uses controls for all
of the crucial factors that could potentially affect the phenomena of
interest.

A

experimental research

127
Q

researchers randomly
assign participants in an experiment to either the control or
treatment groups.

A

experimental research

128
Q

also known as “causal-comparative,” is similar to experimental research.

A

quasi-experimental research

129
Q

don’t control for some factors but otherwise
follow the scientific method to establish a cause-and-effect
relationship

A

quasi-experimental research

130
Q

are used to collect data from the target
audience and gather insights into their preferences,
opinions, choices, and feedback related to their
products and services. Most survey software often a
wide range of question types to select.

A

surveys

131
Q

comprise of one single or multiple choice
question. When it is required to have a quick pulse
of the audience’s sentiments, you can go for polls.
Because they are short in length, it is easier t get responses from the people

A

polls

132
Q

the interviewer asks questions either
face-to-face or through telephone to the
respondents. In face-to-face interviews, the
interviewer asks a series of questions to the
interviewee in person and notes down responses. In
case it is not feasible to meet the person, the
interviewer can go for a telephonic interview. This
form of data collection is suitable when there are
only a few respondents. It is too time-consuming and
tedious to repeat the same process if there are many
participants

A

interviews

133
Q

Simply put, it is a verbally administered questionnaire. In terms of
depth, it is surface level and is usually completed within a short period.

A

structured interviews

134
Q

For speed and
efficiency, it is highly recommendable, but it lacks depth.

A

structured interviews

135
Q

In this method, there subsist several key questions which
cover the scope of the areas to be explored.

A

semi-structured interviews

136
Q

It allows a little more leeway for the
researcher to explore the subject matter.

A

semi-structured interviews

137
Q

It is an in-depth interview that allows the researcher to collect a
wide range of information with a purpose.

A

unstructured interviews

138
Q

An advantage of this method is the freedom it gives a researcher to combine structure with flexibility even though it is more time-consuming.

A

unstructured interviews

139
Q

pros of unstructured interviews

A

In-depth information, Freedom of flexibility, Accurate data.

140
Q

cons of unstructured interviews

A

Time-consuming, Expensive to collect.

141
Q

Tools you can use to easily collect data.

A

audio recorder, digital camera, camcorder

142
Q

used for recording sound on disc, tape, or film. Audio information can
meet the needs of a wide range of people, as well as provide alternatives to print data
collection tools.

A

audio recorder

143
Q

can be used for transmitting those images to a monitor screen when the
need arises.

A

digital camera

144
Q

used for collecting data through interviews. It provides a combination of
both an audio recorder and a video camera. The data provided is qualitative in nature
and allows the respondents to answer questions asked exhaustively. If you need to
collect sensitive information during an interview, a camcorder might not work for you as
you would need to maintain your subject’s privacy

A

camcorder

145
Q

market experts are provided
with the estimates and assumptions of forecasts
made by other experts in the industry. Experts
may reconsider and revise their estimates and
assumptions based on the information provided by
other experts. The consensus of all experts on
demand forecasts constitutes the final demand
forecast.

A

delphi technique

146
Q

a small group of people, around
8-10 members, discuss the common areas of the
problem. Each individual provides his insights on
the issue concerned. A moderator regulates the
discussion among the group members. At the end
of the discussion, the group reaches a consensus.

A

focus groups

147
Q

is a printed set of questions, either
open-ended or closed-ended. The respondents
are required to answer based on their knowledge
and experience with the issue concerned. The
questionnaire is a part of the survey, whereas the
questionnaire’s end-goal may or may not be a
survey.

A

questionnaire

148
Q

Three commonly used qualitative data collection methods

A

ethnographic, grounded theory, phenomenological

149
Q

comes from anthropology, the study of
human societies and cultures.

A

enthographic

150
Q

arose when sociological
researchers sought to provide a level of legitimacy to
qualitative research — to ground it in reality rather
than assumptions

A

grounded theory

151
Q

describes how people experience
certain events or unique encounters. T

A

phenomenological

152
Q

his method
measures reactions to occurrences that are outside of
the norm, so it’s essential to understand the whole
picture, not just facts and figures

A

phenomenological

153
Q

is the data that has been used in the
past. The researcher can obtain data from the sources,
both internal and external, to the organization.

A

secondary data

154
Q

can involve both quantitative and qualitative
techniques.

A

secondary data

155
Q

is easily available and
hence, less time-consuming and expensive as
compared to the primary data

A

secondary data

156
Q

the authenticity of
the data gathered cannot be verified.

A

secondary data

157
Q

Internal sources of secondary data:

A

Organization’s health and safety records
Mission and vision statements
Financial Statements
Magazines
Sales Report
CRM Software
Executive summaries

158
Q

External sources of secondary data

A

Government reports
Press releases
Business journals
Libraries
Internet

159
Q

converting information either
manually or by machine into quantitative and
qualitative forms for use in research analysis

A

data processing

160
Q

3 Basic steps of Data Processing

A

categorization of data, coding of data, tabulation of data

161
Q

refers to the
grouping of subjects under study according to
the objectives and purposes of the study.

A

categorization of data

162
Q

information from
questionnaires, interview schedules, rating
scale, etc., must be transformed into coded
items to facilitate tabulation of data. The
codes may be either numerical or
alphabetical. The former is commonly used
because of sufficient number coverage and
its fitted for computer processing. – option to
used own codes, provided, however, that the
number of digits to be used in codes is
ascertained by the number of categories and
total number of cases

A

coding of data

163
Q

tallying and counting the raw data
to arrive at a frequency distribution and to facilitate in
organizing them in a systematic order in a table or several
tables. It can be done either manual or by machine, such
as electric computer or a mechanical counter-sorter.

A

tabulation of data

164
Q

data are manually tallied by hand This
is applicable if the total number of cases is small.

A

manual tabulation

165
Q

presentation of data is usually in tabular
form. The data processing output is either quantitative or
qualitative.

A

data matrix

166
Q

Useful in analysis and interpretation because they give a
clear picture of the results of the study.

A

data matrix

167
Q

statistical treatment

A

x or %

168
Q

an examination of data or facts in terms of quantity, quality,
attribute, trait, pattern, trend, relationship among others so as to answer
research questions which involve statistical techniques and procedures

A

data analysis

169
Q

specific problems/objectives,
hypotheses, measuring instruments and statistical tools

A

basis of analyzing research data

RMA Midterms (1 decks)

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