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Psychology AS > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the aim of an investigation

A

The purpose of the investigation

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2
Q

What is the hypothesis

A

The hypothesis is a statement predicting the likely outcome of an investigation (type chosen depends on how much past research has been done to inform the outcome)

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3
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

A statement of exactly what DIRECTION or outcome is expected in an experiment (uses comparative language)

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4
Q

What is a non directional Hypothesis

A

States that there will be a difference in performance between the conditions in the experiment but not what the difference will be

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5
Q

How do psychologists determine what type of hypothesis to choose

A

Based on how much past research is done on an experiment

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6
Q

What is an independent variable

A

The variable manipulated or changed by the researcher

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7
Q

What is the dependent variable

A

The variable being measured by the researcher

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8
Q

What are 2 levels of the IV

A

Experimental condition and control condition

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9
Q

What does it mean to operationalise variables

A

To state the variables and make them observable so the cause and effect relationship can be seen

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10
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Additional factors that could influence the IV and DV

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11
Q

What are 3 extraneous variables

A
  • participant variables (age, intelligence)
  • situational variables (lighting levels in lab)
  • experimental variables (researcher female or male)
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12
Q

What is confounding variables

A

If a variable is found to have influenced the results of the research eg (personality)

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13
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

When the participant is aware of what the researcher is looking for and may deliberately mess up the data or support the researchers hypothesis

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14
Q

How can demand characteristics be reduced in a study

A
  1. Researcher telling the participants a fake aim
  2. Independent group design (participant only exposed to one condition making it harder for them to guess)
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15
Q

What are investigator effects

A

Where the researchers presence in the study has an influence on the results as they could unconsciously or deliberately change the participants behaviour (eg smiling more or encouraging participants to do or say more)

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16
Q

How can you reduce investigator effects

A

By carrying out a double blind investigation, where both participant and researcher are unaware of the condition of the experiment

17
Q

What does it mean if an investigation is standardised

A

-This is when there is a set out list of what is to be done in a study (participants have same experience)
- Also includes standardised instructions read out to each participant

18
Q

What are 4 things that could lead to demand characteristics

A
  1. No standardised instructions
  2. Smiling
  3. Nodding what’s wrong or right
  4. Leading questions
19
Q

What is the independent group design

A
  • participants are split into 2 equal groups with 2 different conditions
  • participants each go through ONE level of the IV
  • results between each group is compared
20
Q

What is the repeated measures group design

A
  • Participants all go through 2 levels of the IV (experimental and control condition)
  • Same participants split into equal groups and experience ALL conditions
  • allows for there to be a comparison
21
Q

What is the Matched pairs design

A
  • Using participants that are closest together paired based on characteristic variables eg ( age, iq, gender)
  • best to use identical twins
22
Q

Advantages to independent groups

A
  • less time consuming
  • no order effect
23
Q

Disadvantages to independent groups and a solution

A
  • less economical (double participants)
  • Researchers may find a common/ mean difference among each group (may be due to the individuals differences)
    Solution: use random allocation
24
Q

An Advantage to repeated measures

A
  • Same participants used so no individual differences that act as confounding variables
  • cheap (same group)
25
Q

Disadvantage of repeated measures

A
  • order effects (bored tired)
  • demand characteristics
26
Q

Advantage to matched pairs

A
  • no order effects
  • no cofounding variables
27
Q

Disadvantage of matched pairs

A
  • participants are similar not identical
  • time consuming to match (pre tests)

Psychology AS (1 decks)

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