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AQA A Level Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

When may ethical issues arise?

A
  • When there is a conflict between the rights of participants and the needs of researchers to conduct research that makes a meaningful contribution to society
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2
Q

What are the different ethical issues that may be present during research?

A
  • Deception
  • Debrief
  • Right to withdraw
  • Informed consent
  • Privacy
  • Protection from harm
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3
Q

What does deception involve?

A
  • Withholding information from participants or may involve being deliberately dishonest
  • Important to carry out debrief at the end of the study
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4
Q

What details should participants be aware of regarding the study during the debrief?

A
  • True aims of the investigation
  • Any details that weren’t supplied during the investigation
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5
Q

Why should participants be told what their data will be used for?

A
  • So they can withhold their data if they wish
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6
Q

Why do researchers sometimes not want to disclose information when asking for consent?

A
  • Could lead to demand characteristics being presented and could lead to result bias
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7
Q

When is deception seen as acceptable?

A
  • If it does not cause distress for the participants
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8
Q

What are the solutions for protecting participants from physical and psychological harm?

A
  • Counselling is provided
  • Cost-benefit analysis: BPS weighs up the pros and cons of the study and decides whether a study is ethical or not
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9
Q

How do researchers deal with confidentiality?

A
  • By not using names and using numbers or initials instead
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10
Q

What is a sample?

A
  • A smaller group that aims to be representative of a population
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11
Q

What are the different types of sampling techniques?

A
  • Random
  • Systematic
  • Stratified
  • Opportunity
  • Volunteer
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12
Q

What is random sampling?

A
  • Sample is generated through lottery method
  • All members of the population have an equal chance of being selected
  • A list of all members of the target population is obtained
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13
Q

What are the advantages of random sampling?

A
  • No researcher bias: researcher has no influence on who is picked
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of random sampling?

A
  • Difficult and time consuming: need a list of members of a population (sampling frame) and need to contact them
  • Participants who are selected can refuse to take part
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15
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A
  • A predetermined system where every nth member of a sampling frame is selected which is applied consistently
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16
Q

What are the advantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • Avoids researcher bias
  • Fairly representative of population
17
Q

What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • Difficult and time consuming
  • Participants and refuse to take part
18
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A
  • Composition of the sample reflects proportions of people in certain strata in the target population
  • Before SS, researcher must identify the different subgroups within the population
  • Proportions needed for the sample to be representative are worked out
19
Q

What are the advantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • Avoids researcher bias: stratum is random
  • Representative data due to proportional strata, generalisation is possible
20
Q

What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • Difficult and time consuming to identify strata and contact participants
  • Participants can refuse to take part
21
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A
  • Selecting anyone who happens to be available to take part so are recruited conveniently
22
Q

What are the advantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  • Saves time and money
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  • Not representative as it consists of whoever is available
  • Researcher bias: can control who they want to select
24
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A
  • An advert is produced and individuals self-select themselves to take part
25
Q

What are the advantages of volunteer sampling?

A
  • Quick access to willing individual, making it convenient and not time consuming
26
Q

What is an aim?

A
  • A general statement of what the researcher wants to investigate
27
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A
  • A clear, testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated

AQA A Level Psychology (6 decks)

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