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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Experiments

A

An investigation that allows researchers to look for a relationship between the IV and the DV.

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2
Q

Uncontrolled variables

A

A variable that acts randomly affecting the DV in all levels of the IV.

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3
Q

Experimental Condition

A

One or more situations that represent different levels of IV (Compared to a control condition).

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4
Q

Control condition

A

A of level of IV where the IV itself is absent.

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5
Q

Types of experimental designs.
What are they?

A

-Independent measure design
Different group of participants
for each level of IV.
-Repeated measures design
Same group of participants in
every level of IV
-Match pair design
The participants are sort into
pairs.

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6
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Features where the participants know the aim and try to change their behaviour, which also reduces the validity.

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7
Q

Confounding variables

A

An uncontrolled variable that could hide or exaggerate the differences between the levels and confuse the results, so it is harder to understand the effect of IV on DV.

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8
Q

Participant variables

A

Individual differences between participants which could affect their behaviours which would hide or exaggerate differences in levels of IV.

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9
Q

Random allocation

A

A way to reduce confounding variables.

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10
Q

Order effects and types of order effects

A

Effects that cause changes in performances of participants that are not due to the IV but affect the DV.

Two types of order effects are Practice and Fatigue effect.

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11
Q

Ways to overcome order effects.

A

Randomisation- where participants are allocated in different levels of IV which ensures they have an equal chance of participating in different levels in any order

Counterbalancing- where participants order of of levels of IV is performed by a different sub-group of participants. (This is aslo called a ABBA design)

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12
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Independent Measures

A

Advantages
-There are no order effects.
-Reduced effect of demand characteristics.
-Reduce the effects of individual differences.

Disadvantages
-Participant variables can distort results if there are any important differences.
-More participants needed than repeated mesures

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13
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Repeated Measures

A

Advantages
-Participant variables are unlikely to distort IV.
-Counterbalancing reduces order effects.
-Uses fewer participants than other designs.

Disadvantages
-Order effects could distort results.
-increased exposure to demand characteristics

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14
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Matched Pair

A

Advantages
-Reduced demand characteristics
-Participant variables are less likely to distort IV.
-No order effects

Disadvantages
-The correct matching criteria should be chosen in advance because similarity between pairs is limited.
-Sample size is smaller

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15
Q

Laboratory experiment

A

The experiment is conducted in a setting that is not usual for the participant.

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16
Q

Standardisation

A

Keeping the procedure for each participant the same to ensure that any differences between participants or conditions is because of the variables under investigation.

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17
Q

Reliability

A

The extent to which a procedure, task or measure is consistent and replicable.

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18
Q

Validity

A

The extent to how well a test measures.

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19
Q

Generalisability

A

The extent to which the finding of a study can be applicable in other settings.

20
Q

Operationalisation

A

The clear description of a variable such that it can be manipulated, measure or quantified and the study can be replicated.

21
Q

Field Experiment

A

It is conducted in a natural setting for the participants behaviour to be investigated.(Less Controls)

22
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Laboratory Experiment

A

Advantages
-Good controls that increases validity.
-Only the Iv would affect the DV.
-Standardised procedure raises reliability and replicability.

Disadvantages
-Lower ecological validity.
-Demand characteristics may affect behaviour.

23
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Field Experiments

A

Advantages
-Participants are likely to behave naturally, which increases ecological validity.
-Problem of demand characteristics is less

Disadvantages
-Control of variables is harder
-Less sure if the DV change is because of IV.
-Participants may be unaware that they are in a study, raises ethical issues.

24
Q

Hypothesis and types of hypothesis

A

Hypothesis is a testable statement based on the aim of an investigation.

Three types of hypothesis are
-Two tailed hypothesis
-One tailed hypothesis
-Null hypothesis

25
Q

Ethics in Experiments

A

Ethical issues include
-Informed consent
-Right to withdraw
-Protection from harm
-Deception
-Privacy
-Confidentiality

26
Q

Self report

A

A research method, which obtains data from asking participants to provide information about themselves.

27
Q

Questionnaire

A

A self report method that uses written questions through pen and paper or online technique.

28
Q

Interrater reliability

A

The extent to which two researchers interpreting qualitative responses will produce same records from the same raw data.

29
Q

Interview

A

A research method using verbal questions which happens either face-to-face or telephone.

30
Q

Subjectivity

A

The effect of a an individual’s personal viewpoint.

31
Q

Objectivity

A

The impact of an unbiased external view point.

32
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A study conducted by watching the participants behaviour in their natural environment without interference.

33
Q

Controlled Observation

A

A study conducted by watching participants behaviour in a situation where social and physical environment has been manipulated.

34
Q

Inter-observer Reliability

A

The consistency between two researchers watching thre same event.

35
Q

Participant Observer

A

A researcher who watches from the perspective of the social setting.

36
Q

Non-participant Observer

A

A researcher who is not involved in the situation being studies.

37
Q

Correlation

A

A research method that looks for relationship between two measured variables. It has two co-variables.

38
Q

Situational Variable

A

A confounding variable caused by an aspect of the environment.

39
Q

Sample

A

The group of people selected to represent the population in a study.

40
Q

Opportunity sampling
Benefits and Limitation

A

Participants are chosen because they are available.

Benefits
-Quicker and easier than other methods

Limitations
-Variety of people available is limited so they tend to be similar, therefore the sample could be biased

41
Q

Volunteer sample

A

Participants are invited to participate.

Benefits
-Easy because participants come to the researcher

Limitations
-People who respond may be similar

42
Q

Random sample

A

Sampling all members for the population are allocated numbers and a fixed amount of these are selected in a unbiased way.

Benefits
-All types of people in the populations are equally to be chosen

Limitations
-The participant might not want to be part of the study

43
Q

Quantitative data
Benefits and Limitations

A

Numerical results about the quantity of a psychological measure.

Benefits
-Uses objective measures
-Scales or questions are often very reliable
-Data can be analyzed easier

Limitations
-Data collection method often limits responses so they are less valid

44
Q

Qualitative data

A

Descriptive results indication the quality of a psychological measure.

Benefits
-Data is valid as participants can express themselves
-Important but unusual responses are less likely to be ignores

Limitations
-Data is subjective so is likely to be invalid
-Data can only be gathered form one or few individuals, so it is harder to generalise

45
Q

Ethical issues

A

Problems in research that raise concerns about the welfare of the participants.

Psychology (2 decks)

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