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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hypothesis ?

A

A prediction that is also a statement

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2
Q

What is an independent variable ?

A

Causes change to the dependent variable

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3
Q

What is a dependent variable ?

A

Measured and effect

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4
Q

What is an aim ?

A

Purpose of the experiment

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5
Q

What is a variable

A

A factor that can change

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6
Q

How do you write a hypothesis ?

A

IV - (effect) - DV - (compared to) - IV

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7
Q

What is a directional hypothesis ?

A

States the direction of the difference or relationship

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8
Q

What is a non - directional hypothesis ?

A

Does not state the direction

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9
Q

What is an extraneous variable ?

A

(uncontrolled)
Anything apart from the IV that can change the DV
Situational: temp, lighting (environment)
Participant: individual differences

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10
Q

What is a confounding variable ?

A

Any variable other than the IV, that may have affected the DV

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11
Q

What is a single blind ?

A

Participants don’t know which is which

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12
Q

What is a double blind ?

A

Participant and investigator don’t know which is which

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13
Q

What is standardisation ?

A

Keep everything the same apart from IV

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14
Q

What are investigator effects ?

A

Any effect of the investigators behaviour on the research outcome

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15
Q

What is randomisation ?

A

Use of chance in order to control the effects of bias

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16
Q

What method would be said to complete randomisation ?

A

. Get all names/words and put in bowl
. Pick 1, allocate name/word to condition A
. Pick another, allocate name/word to condition B
. Carry on until no names/words left

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17
Q

What is operationalisation ?

A

Defining exactly what is going to be measured and how they’re going to be measured

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18
Q

What are experimental designs ?

A

refers to the way in which participants are used in experiments

19
Q

What are independent groups ?
What are the evaluation points for them ?

A

When 2 separate groups of participants experience 2 different conditions of the experiment. The preformance of the 2 groups would then be compared
Evaluation Points:
individual differences (criticism)
no order effects (advantage)

20
Q

What are order effects ?

A

demand characteristics
fatigue
practice - done it before

21
Q

What are repeated measures ?
What are the evaluation points ?

A

All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment
Evaluation:
no individual differences (advantage)
order effects (criticism)

22
Q

What are matched pairs ?
What are the evaluation points ?

A

Pairs of participants are first matched on some variable that may affect the DV. Then 1 member of the pair is assigned to condition A and the other condition B
Evaluation:
no individual differences (advantage)
no order effects (advantage)
very inconvenient (criticism)

23
Q

What are the points of lab experiments ?

A

artificial environment - somewhere your not used to
Researcher changes IV

24
Q

What are the points of natural experiments ?

A

natural environment
IV manipulated naturally - changes naturally

25
Q

What are the points of field experiments ?

A

natural environment - environment your not used to
researcher changes IV

26
Q

What are the points of Quatsi - experiments ?

A

natural experiment
IV is determined by biology

27
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points for types of experiments ?

A

Internal validity = whether the IV is affecting the DV (makes psych scientific)
Ecological validity = generalising the findings from a study to real situations
Ethical Issues

28
Q

What is sampling ?

A

Groups of people (participants) that form part of research studies are selected through the process of ‘sampling’

29
Q

What are the 5 types of sampling ?

A

. random
. systematic
. stratified
. opportunity
. volunteer

30
Q

What is the target population ?

A

Study based on

31
Q

How will the sample size be dictated ?

A

Usually be dictated by the time and resources available. BUT, the larger the sample the more likely its to find a true picture of the data you’re sampling

32
Q

What is the definition, method and evaluation of random sampling ?

A

. members of a population have equal chances of being selected
Method = put all names in a bowl and pick out so many
Evaluation = not representative, no experimenter bias, convenient (yes/no)

33
Q

What is the definition, method and evaluation of systematic sampling ?

A

. sampling data at equal distances apart, alphabetical order
method = same as definition
evaluation = not representative, no experimenter bias, not convenient

34
Q

What is the definition, method, evaluation of stratified sampling ?

A

. split entire population into catergories - names in separate bowls - random sampling based on ratios
method = same as definition
evaluation = representative, no experimenter bias, not convenient

35
Q

What is the definition and evaluation of opportunity sampling ?

A

. whoever is available
evaluation = not representative, experimenter bias, convenient

36
Q

What is the definition and evaluation of volunteer sampling ?

A

. self select
evaluation = not representative, no experimenter bias, convenient

37
Q

What are observations ?

A

Recording frequency of behaviour

38
Q

What are naturalistic observations ?
What are controlled observations ?

A

Natural environment
Artificial environment

39
Q

What are covert observations ?
What are overt observations ?

A

Participants don’t know they’re being observed
Declare you are being observed

40
Q

What are participant observations ?
What are non - participant observations ?

A

involved in everyday life of participants
just look from afar, not involved

41
Q

What are the evaluation points for observations ?

A

. Ecological Validity - (naturalistic)
. Ethical - (Overt)
. Demand Characteristics - (Overt, covert, naturalistic, controlled)
. Reliability - conistency

42
Q

What is high interobserver reliability ?

A

When 2 observers have similar results/outcomes

43
Q

What is an observation schedule ?

A

List of behaviours

44
Q

What is event sampling ?
What is time sampling ?

A

. Pick particular situation and time
. Over certain time intervals

Psychology (3 decks)

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