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Psychology > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

The hypothesis the researcher tests by conducting a study and collecting data, which attempts to show the null hypothesis is not supported

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2
Q

Condition

A

An experiment is usually, organised so there are two trials, after which the performances of the participants are compared; these are the conditions of the experiment

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

The factor which will be measured in an experiment to see if changing the independent variable has had an effect

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4
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which the researcher tries to control all variables other than the independent variable and dependent variable; this allows the researcher to identify a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable statement about the relationship between two variables: independent and the dependent variable

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6
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor which will be varied or changed in an experiment to look for an effect on the other variable

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7
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that exists and states that no variables affect any other variables

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8
Q

Variable

A

A factor or thing that varies: it can change

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9
Q

Experimental design

A

How the participants are used in the conditions of an experiment

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9
Q

Experimental design

A

How the participants are used in the conditions of an experiment

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10
Q

Independent groups

A

Where two or more separate groups of participants are used in an experiment; each group takes part in one of the conditions

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11
Q

Matched pairs

A

Where people with similar qualities are grouped into pairs; each member of the pair takes part in a different condition

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12
Q

Order effects

A

When a participant’s performance in the second condition of an experiment is affected because they have already done the first condition. They may do better because of tiredness. This may happen in a repeated measures design

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13
Q

Participant variables

A

The differences between the people who take part in the study. These may affect the results of the experiment that uses an independent groups design

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14
Q

Repeated measures

A

Where only one group of participants is used in an experiment; this group takes part in both conditions

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15
Q

Extraneous variables

A

A variable that is no the independent variable but might affect the dependent variable if it is not controlled

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16
Q

Instructions

A

The written (or verbal) information given to participants during an experiment

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17
Q

Randomisation

A

Using the chance to provide an order for a procedure

18
Q

Standardised procedures

A

A set order of carrying out a study that is applied to all participants when necessary

19
Q

Allocation to conditions

A

Putting participants into the conditions of an experiment

20
Q

Counterbalancing

A

An arrangement in which half of the participants in an experiment are given the conditions in one order (A followed by B) while the other half are given them in the opposite order (B followed by A)

21
Q

Ecological validity

A

The results if the investigation can be said to apply the real-life behaviour; they are an accurate account of behaviour in the real world

22
Q

Opportunity sample

A

People who are members of the target population and are available and willing to take part in the research

23
Q

Random sample

A

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

24
Q

Representative

A

When the sample of participants is made up of people who have the same characteristics and abilities as the target population

25
Q

Sample

A

The small group of people who represent the target population and who are studied

26
Q

Stratified methods

A

Strategies by researchers to obtain people from the target population to take part in their studies

27
Q

Stratifies sample

A

The different subgroups in the target population are identifies; then people are selected randomly to their numbers in the target population

28
Q

Systematic sample

A

Every ‘nth’ member of the target population is selected for the sample

29
Q

Target population

A

The large group of people the researcher wishes to study

30
Q

Closed quesion

A

A question where possible responses are fixed, often as ‘yes’ or ‘no’ options

31
Q

Questionnaire

A

A set of standard questions about a topic that is given to all the participants in the survey

32
Q

Survey

A

A method used for collecting information for large number of people by asking them questions, either by using a questionnaire or in an interview

33
Q

Open quesiton

A

A question where the person answering can give any response they like

34
Q

Interview

A

A method in which a researcher collects data by asking questions directly

35
Q

Structured interviews

A

An interview in which all the questions are pre-set, given in a fixed order, and every interviewee is asked the same questions

36
Q

Unstructured questionnaires

A

An interview in which only the first question is set and all other questions are determined by the answers of the interviewee

37
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual, a small group, or an organisation

38
Q

Categories of behaviour

A

The separate actions that are recorded as examples of the target behaviour

39
Q

Observation study

A

A method of collecting information about behaviour by watching and recording people’s actions

40
Q

Inter-observer reliability

A

How closely the record sheets of two or more people match (when the records do match, they are considered to be accurate; if they do not match they are inaccurate)

41
Q

Correlation

A

A technique used by researchers to establish the strength of a relationship between two variables

42
Q

Positive correlation

A

A relationship between two variables in which, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable also increases

Psychology (8 decks)

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