research methods

Question 1

Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 1

A statement that predicts a difference of correlation in result.

Question 2

null hypothesis

Answer 2

A statement that predicts no difference of correlation in result.

Question 3

Repeated measures design

Answer 3

An experiment design where participants take part in each condition

Question 4

Independent measures design

Answer 4

An experimental design where each participant are different in each condition.

Question 5

Repeated measures design strengths

Answer 5

Comparing like with like so different and not due to individual differences between participants.
Few participants need to be recruited, saving time and money.

Question 6

Repeated measures design weaknesses

Answer 6

Participants may perform worse on the second condition due to boredom of fatigue effect.
Participants may perform better on the second condition due to the practice effect
Participants may work up the independent variable and change their behaviour accordingly (defect of demand characteristics).
The Task need to be changed between conditions making it an extraneous variable.

Question 7

Independent measures design strengths

Answer 7

Not order effect.
The same task can be used in both conditions because participants will not be familiar with it.

Question 8

Independent measures design weaknesses

Answer 8

Differences between conditions could be due to participant variables.
Potentially more participants need to be recruited as they cannot be used more than once per condition.

Question 9

Order effect

Answer 9

Factors that impact negatively research find because participants find the same order of conditions in an experiment.

Question 10

Target population

Answer 10

Entire set of people psychologist want to research on.

Question 11

Sample

Answer 11

A group selected from a larger population

Question 12

Representative

Answer 12

An accurate reflection of a larger pop group.

Question 13

Generalisability

Answer 13

The ability to draw conclusions applied to a logical outside of research.

Question 14

Different ways to get a sample

Answer 14

Random sample (example selected using chance)
Opportunity sample (example selected by convenience)
Self-selected sample (a sample selected through volunteers)

Question 15

Random sampling

Answer 15

Where everyone in the target population of an equal chance of being selected.
1) putting names into a hat
2) using random number generator software.

Question 16

opportunity sampling

Answer 16

We are participants are chosen because they are easily available.
1)Using from your friends because of research or has regular contact with them
2) using people that are in vicinity for example a university student, colleague colleagues, local residence.

Question 17

Self Selected

Answer 17

Where participants nominate themselves for a study without being directly approached.
1) advertising for participant
2) pause to serve it online to see who would respond.

Question 18

Opportunity sampling weakness and strength

Answer 18

Strength: quick and convenient
Weakness: Tends to be biased and unrepresentative.

Question 19

Self-selected sampling weakness and strength

Answer 19

Strength: psychologist does not have to put much effort into selecting participants as they volunteer themselves – full consent of participants as they’ve come forward willingly.
Weakness: tends to be biased a certain type of people are more likely to volunteer to take part in psychological research and therefore will be over-represented in the sample.

Question 20

Random sampling strengths and weaknesses

Answer 20

Strength: it is very likely to give representative sampling compared to the two of the method. This is because there is no base in the selection and it is left to chance, most type of people would be represented in the right proportions.
Weakness: chance of Freak sample where, certain type of people that will put represented and others are under-represented or are missing from the sample.

Question 21

Ethical issues

Answer 21

• psychological harm. (An ethical issue that relates to protecting participants from distress, discomfort and embarrassment.)
  -deception(ethical issue that relates to be honest with participants about the purpose and process of research)
  -lack of informed consent. (An ethical issue that relates to participants agreeing to take part in research knowing what the research is about)
  -

Question 22

ways of dealing with ethical issues

Answer 22

– Debriefing (way of dealing with ethical issues at the end of research including an explanation of the study)
– Right to withdraw (insuring participants know they can opt out or stop a study at any point)
-Confidentiality (Making sure that participants are not identifiable through the use of names or other types of data)

Question 23

Experiments features

Answer 23

• an independent variable is set up
  -a dependent variable is measured
• there is an attempt to control extraneous variables.

Question 24

Strengths and weakness of experiments

Answer 24

Strengths: The experiment helps research to reliably establish cause and effect.
weakness: often lacks construct validity because they measure the dependent variable in a narrow way.

Question 25

Laboratory experiment

Answer 25

An experiment went to research and directly manipulate the IV, and does this in a controlled environment – such as a lab, controlling noise, temperature, and space.

Question 26

Field experiment

Answer 26

An experiment with the research directly manipulated Ivy into this in a natural environment – such as school shopping Centre,hospital ward.

Question 27

Natural experiment

Answer 27

An experiment where there is an IV but it is not directly manipulated by the researcher because it is predetermined- e.g comparing people with depression and those without.