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Intro to Brain and Behaviour > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is scalp electroencephalography (EEG) - somatic nerve

A

Measured by scalp electrodes

Sum of all electrical events in the head - Acton potentials

Sensory evoked potentials

Signal averging

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2
Q

What are EEG waves?

A

Event-related potentials - associated with a reward

Background waves - unknown what type of activity is going on

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3
Q

What is muscle tension measure - somatic nerve

A

Measures level of tension in muscle

Used as an indicator of psychological arousal

Called electromyogram (EMG)

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4
Q

How do we measure eye movement? - somatic nerve

A

Measures eye movements

Called electrooculogram (EOG)

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5
Q

What is the measure of skin conductance? - automatic nerve

A

Skin conductance level (SCL) - when emotional, associated with an increase in the skin to conduct electricity

Skin conductance response (SCR) - measures rapid changes in skin conductance (think polygraph)

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6
Q

What is the measure of cardiovascular activity? - automatic nerve

A

Electrocardiogram (EKG) measures heart rate

Blood pressure: systoles and diastoles

Phethysmography measures blood volume

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7
Q

What is stereotaxic surgery?

A

Allows an accurate placement of lesions, probes, electrodes or other instruments

Employs stereotaxic atlas and instrument - tells you where things are

Reference point is called bregma

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8
Q

What are the four types of lesions?

A
  1. Aspiration
    2.Radio-frequency
  2. Knife cuts
  3. Reversible lesions

Unilateral and bilateral lesions

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9
Q

What is electrical stimulation and how is it used in the stereotaxic surgery?

A

Effects the opposite of lesions - stimulates that brain region

Usually done prior to lesioning - not always done everytime

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10
Q

What is an intracellular unit recording? - invasive recording methods

A

Records the membrane potential from one neuron as it fires. Located within the the neuron

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11
Q

What is an extracellular unit recording? - invasive recording methods

A

Records the electrical disturbance that is created each time an adjacent neuron fires. Located just outside the neuron

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12
Q

What is a multiple-unit recording - invasive recording method

A

A small electrode records the action potentials of many nearby neurons. These are added up and plotted. Many recordings are taken as a group, and then everything is added up

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13
Q

What is invasive EEG recording - invasive recording method

A

A large implanted electrode picks up general changes in electrical brain activity. The EEG signal is not related to neural firing in any obvious way
-Electrodes are actually placed directly on the skull
-Picks up activity of the brain in general

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14
Q

What is oral ingestion in routes of drug administration

A

Ingestion of drug

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15
Q

What is intragastrically in routes of drug administration

A

Tube placed into the stomach

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16
Q

What is intramuscularly in routes of drug administration

A

Into the muscle, usually done for liver

17
Q

What is intravenously in routes of drug administration

A

Directly into the blood

18
Q

What is subcutaneously in routes of drug administration

A

Just under the skin

19
Q

What is intraperitoneally in routes of drug administration

A

Goes into the partionally cavity, in the neck area

20
Q

What is selective chemical lesions

A

Produces more selective lesions than electrical lesions

Neurotoxin is injected into the brain

21
Q

What is autoradiography?

A

Measures areas of the brain active during an event

Develops results in the dark

Active areas of the brain show up as dark spots on image

22
Q

What is cerebral dialysis?

A

Measures specific neurotransmitters

A fine tube gathers sample in the brain area of interest

Analyzed by chromatograph

23
Q

What is immunocutochemistry?

A

Creates antibodies to bind with desired neurotransmitter or receptors

Label antibody with dye or radioactivity

Look for specific proteins in brain slices

24
Q

What is in situ hybridization?

A

Locates mRNA of peptides and proteins in the brain

Labelled hybrid RNA that complements mRNA is administered.

They bind and allow scientists to locate the mRNA of a neuroprotein of interest

25
Q

What is a gene knockout technique - Melanopsin Knockout Mice

A

Protein found in retina - visual system

Implicated in circadian rhythms

Reduced but did not eliminate rhythms, so it is not the only factor

Doesn’t eliminate it all together

26
Q

What is a gene knockout technique

A

Replacement of one gene with another

Genetic information from a different species is implanted

Used to study human diseases in animals

27
Q

What is the CRISPR/Cas9 method?

A

Cas9 protein is linked to guide-RNA

Injected into an organism

Binds to target area and tell Cas9 protein to let it cut, change or edit any DNA - makes changes to the genome

28
Q

What is the green fluorescent protein - a way to visualize easily

A

Inserted into target cells

Exposure to blue light exposes bright green fluorescence which lights up the neurons to view

29
Q

What is a brainbow?

A

Research technique, with each neuron being labelled with a different colour, facilitating the tracing of neural axons

30
Q

What are opsin genes - Optogenetics

A

Inserted into a particular type of neuron

Optic fiber can be implanted in the animal

Researchers can then use light to hyperpolarize or depolarize cells

31
Q

What are two different tests of the common neuropsychological test battery?

A

Intelligence
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - many different tests inside

Memory
- Information subtest
-Digit span test - gives person many numbers and asks them to recall the numbers

Language
-Token test

32
Q

How is memory a test of specific neuropsychological function

A

Studies short term and long term memory

Anterograde (things learned after damage) or retrograde (before damage)

Semantic (knowledge of the world) or episodic (personal experiences)

Explicit or implicit

33
Q

How is animal behaviour assessed of species-common behaviours?

A

Open field test provides a measure of emotionality

Tests of aggressive and defensive behaviours

34
Q

How are studys of sexual behaviours conducted through females or male rats? Whats looked at

A

Females
- Lordosis - very specific posture

Males
- Mounts to intromission
- Intromission to ejaculation
- Time to remount

35
Q

What do raidal arm maze study?

A

Studies foraging and spatial behaviours

36
Q

What does morris water maze study?

A

Studies rat spatial ability

Big pool of water

Animal needs to find the platform using cues in the wall surroundings

Intro to Brain and Behaviour (4 decks)

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