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AQA A Level Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of aim:

A

a general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate - the purpose of the study

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2
Q

aims - experimental method 2

A

an initial idea that is focused to produce an aim

aims are developed from theories

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3
Q

definition of hypothesis

A

a clear precise and testable statement that states the relationship between the variables that are being investigated

stated at the outset of the study

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4
Q

hypotheses - experimental method 2

A

can be non- directional or directional

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5
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states the direction of the difference or relationship between the variables being investigated

e.g ……. become more talkative than drinking water

uses words : more , less

  • one tailed hypothesis
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6
Q

non - directional hypothesis

A

does not state direction of the difference or relationship between the variables being investigated

… they differ in terms of talkativeness

  • two tailed hypothesis
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7
Q

null hypothesis

A

there is no difference between the variables

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8
Q

independent variable

A

an aspect of experimental situation that is manipulated by the researcher or changes naturally so the effect on the DV can be measured

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measured by the researcher any effect on the DV should be caused by the change of IV

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10
Q

control condition

A

is a baseline comparison section

without an IV to be manipulated

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11
Q

operationalisation of variables

A

clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured

e.g after drinking 300 ml of Coke , ppt say more words in the next 5 mins than ppt who drink 300 ml of water

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12
Q

extraneous variables (EV) - research issues

A

any variable other than the IV, that may affect the DV if not controlled. EVs are nuisance variables that do not vary systematically with the IV

usually straightforward to control:
age of ppts
lighting of lab

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13
Q

confounding variable

A

a type of EV but the key feature is that confounding variables vary systematically with the IV

like 10 ppts had a swim meet so they came late so the rest of ppts were less excited by then

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14
Q

demand characteristics

A

any cue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by the participant as revealing the purpose of the investigation
this may lead to a participant changing their behavior
within the research situation
( participant reactivity - EV difficult to control)

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15
Q

please-U effect

A

result of demand characteristics:

act in a way that is expected and over-perform to please the experimenter

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16
Q

screw-U effect

A

result of demand characteristics:

may deliberately under-perform to sabotage the results

17
Q

investigator effects:

A

the effect of the researcher (unconscious or conscious ) that may influence the research outcome

includes everything from the design of study to selection/interaction of ppts in study

18
Q

how to control the variables? - 1

A

randomisation:
use of chance methods to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of experimental conditions

19
Q

how to control the variables? - 2

A

standardisation:

using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a research study

20
Q

experimental design

A

the different ways in which participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions

21
Q

independent groups design

A

participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition

  • the other group likely control condition
22
Q

repeated measures

A

all participants experience all conditions of the experiment

23
Q

matched pairs

A

participants are paired on factors that are relevant to the experiment that could be extraneous
one person from each pair allocated to each condition

24
Q

independent groups design ao3 : strengths

A

less likely to have order effects
- Order effects are when participants are affected by the order of the experiment so their performance in the experiment is not the best e.g. they get bored, they guess the aim, they are tired

25
Q

independent groups design ao3 : strengths 2

A

less social desirabilty:

less likely to change their behaviour to appear better socially`

26
Q

independent groups design ao3 : weaknesses

A

individual differences:
participants that occupy different groups not the same in terms of ppt variables - can affect results
cannot find a mean difference

  • to solve it use random allocation to negate it
27
Q

independent groups design ao3 : weaknesses 2

A

less economical:
each ppt produces single result only
twice as many ppt needed to produce data equal to repeated measures design
lot of time and money needed to recruit ppt

28
Q

repeated measures design ao3 : strengths

A

individual differences are controlled for
so higher validity

fewer ppts required so less resources to recruit them

29
Q

repeated measures design ao3 : weakness

A

demand characteristics:
more likely ppts will work out aim of study when they experience all conditions

order effects likely to happen
ppts would get bored and tired if there is a lot of conditions
- counterbalancing ( attempt to control for effects of order in repeated measures design , half ppts with one condition and other half in opposite order)

need ppts for longer time period of testing

30
Q

matched pairs ao3 : weaknesses

A

can only be used in certain situtaions

cannot match someone perfect

also time-consuming and expensive

31
Q

matched pairs ao3 : strengths

A

less likely to have order effects - ppt in one condition only

less demand characteristics - exposed to one condition

less participant difference as your are removing as many extraneous variables as possible

32
Q

lab experiments definition:

A

experiment that takes place s

AQA A Level Psychology (4 decks)

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