Research Methodology - Part 1

Question 1

What is Research Method?

Answer 1

-What we are applying for the test. (tools selected for the test)
-Carries out experiments such as surveys etc.
-Applied in the later stage of the research
-Comprises of different investigative techniques for the research study.

Question 2

What is Research Methodology?

Answer 2

• The procedure of the research.
• Done during the initial stages of research.
• It is basically how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable results.
• Involves: research aims, objectives and research questions

Question 3

What are the two kinds of Data? Explain each.

Answer 3

There are two kinds:
Primary Data

• First hand data/ information.
• It is data generated by the researchers in the - form of surveys, interviews, experiments.
• It is reliable and authentic and collected for - the purpose.
• It is time consuming and expensive.

Secondary Data:

• Second hand data/ information.
• Already recorded by other researchers and - - not a current research problem.
• It is not original data.
• Economical and time saving, but may not be as reliable.
• It is easily accessible.

Question 4

What are the two ways of data collection?

Answer 4

There are two: Quantitative and qualitative data collection

Quantitative Data

- Data is collected in the form of numbers. 
- Attributes and Variables are quantified in some manner. 
- These numbers hold certain implications based on the value. 
- For instance: 
	○ There is a statement - 'I am smart', the options are 1 is Agree, 3 is Disagree, and 2 is somewhat. 
	○ This is a quantitative data. (standardised scale)
	○ Statistical analysis such as descriptive or inferential statistics can be used for this type of data. 

Qualitative Data

- Data is collected in the form of text, videos or interviews. 
- Mainly used for forming theories, hypotheses and understandings. 
- Focuses on conceptual and descriptive understanding. 
- Descriptive statistics is rarely used. 
- Typically unstructured or semi structured.

Question 5

What is observation?

Answer 5

It is a research method, which involves watching the participants of a specific behavior at a natural setting.

- They are essential for gathering empirical data 
- They can be categorised into different contexts, researcher involvement and structure. 
- Understanding these categories allows the researchers to choose the appropriate method for their studies. 
- Done to understand the frequency, duration of that particular behavior.

Question 6

What are the limitations of the observation method?

Answer 6

• It is expensive
  
  • Information provided through the observation method is limited
  • Unforeseen circumstances may affect the task of observing.

Question 7

What are the various types of observations?

Answer 7

• Structured observation
  
  • Unstructured observation
  • Participant observation
  • Non-participant
    observation
  • Controlled Observation
    Naturalistic observation

Question 8

Explain Structured and unstructured observation

Answer 8

Structured observation:
- There are guidelines or a criteria checklist for data collection
- Allows systematic comparisons
- However it may overlook the spontaneous behaviours

Unstructured observation:
- No strict guidelines, more flexible
- Allows the researcher to explore a wide range of behaviours
However it can lead to challenges in data analysis and consistency

Question 9

Explain Participant and Non-participant observation

Answer 9

Participant Observation:
- The researcher is a part of the group
- Allows the researcher to feel what the other members are feeling.
- Provide deep insights on social dynamics and behaviour of the subject
- However can introduce researcher bias and affect the authenticity of data collection

Non-participant Observation:
- Which the researcher does not make any efforts to be a part of the group.
- Reduces bias and influence and allows more objective data collection
However, it limits depth of understanding behaviours

Question 10

Explain Controlled and Naturalistic observation

Answer 10

Controlled observation:
- The variables can be manipulated.
- we use mechanical (or precision) instruments as aids to accuracy
and standardisation. ( structured environment)
- Enhances reliability
- However it may lead to less natural behaviour, due to artificial settings.

Naturalistic/ Non-controlled observation:
- type of observation is to get a spontaneous picture of life and persons
- No interference towards the subjects.
- Allows the researcher to collect authentic data, reflecting real life behaviours.
- However it can be challenging to control the variable in a natural setting.

Question 11

Explain Overt and Covert observations:

Answer 11

Overt and Covert observations:
- Overt - the participants are aware of being observed.
- Covert - the participants are unaware of being observed.

Question 12

What are the ethical considerations in the Observation method

Answer 12

• Ethical considerations are crucial in all observation methods to protect participants’ rights.
  
  • Researchers must obtain informed consent, especially in participant observations.
  • Maintaining confidentiality and being sensitive to the impact of observation on subjects is essential.