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Research Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Systematically evaluating infomration to reach resonable conclusions

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

Amiable Skepticism

A

open to new ideas, but wary of new findings if not supported by scientific evidence and sound reasoning

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4
Q

Baisc Steps in Citical thinking

A
  1. What am i begin asked to believe/accept?
  2. Is it fact or opinion?
  3. Who is trying to get me to believe this
  4. Is there evidence avaliable to support this claim?
    Whats the quality of evdice?
    Can evidcne be interpreted in anotehr way?
    Is the alternative explanation plausible?
    5.What Conclusions are most resonable?
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5
Q

What makes a sournce credible?

A

Objectivity!: In sicnece, peer-reviewed journals
* Political or personal agenda
* Trying to sell you something
Peer reviewed journal: are good for science

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6
Q

What is evidence

A

Emperirical (rather than theroretical): based on scientific investigation

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7
Q

which source should you believe without question

A

nothing!

amicable skeptismc

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8
Q

Baby media (baby einstein)

why was this presented in class

A
  • **Showed study you should be skeptiable of. **
  • Baby einstein relied on Mozart Effect: in one study listing ot 10 mins of mozart let college studnets to score slightly higher on a test related to intelligvne than if they had no listened to mozart
  • Increase didn’t last that long
    results not found by other labs
  • New evidednce suggest TV has no educational value for children under 2 years
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9
Q

Deloache study and Baby media study

A

study of baby media and owrd learning in 12-18 months old found that children lean very little from baby media; most from partent-child interactions
aprtens who liked the video tended to overestimate their cihld’s word learning.

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10
Q

Scientific inquiry

A

psychologist ask emperical question aobut what, when why and how ob behavior and mental processes

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11
Q

What makes a theory good

A

question are testiable, capable of being measured and refuted

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12
Q

Scientific Methods

A

**Systematic procedure for observing and measurin gphenomena to answer empirical questions*

  • Procdure follow orderly steps that are carfully planned
  • more obsjective than casual observations
    *goal is to be bias-free
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13
Q

3 Critical elemnets of Scientific method

A
  • Theory: an explnation or model of what gives rise to a phenomenon
  • hypothesis: a specfic, testable prediction about the study outcome that would best support the theory
  • Reserach: the systematic and carfully oclleciton of data and their quantiative anylsis.
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14
Q

The general approach to creating a theory

A

Theory-> hypthosis-> reseach
If data supports theory, you support hypothesis
if data refutes theory -> you go back to revise theory

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15
Q

Specifc Steps of Reserach HOMER

A

Hypothesis
Operationalize
Measure
Evaluate
Replicate/Revise/Report

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16
Q

Variable

A

Variable:something in the world that can vary (or can be manipulated & that a reseracher can measure

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17
Q

Oberational definition

A

Identifiying and quantifying variables so they can be measure (operationalized)

Extermely specific: explain precisely how everyting will be maipulated and or measured.

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18
Q

Population

A

Everyone in the gourp the expeirmenter is intreseted in

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19
Q

Sample

A

Subset of population

This sample should be representaitve of the population (match them on important charactersticsm)
You also dont want bias

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20
Q

Random Sampling

A

eveyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen to particpate

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21
Q

Convenience sampling:

A

using particapants that are avaliable to you

May not be a representative sample fro some questions

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22
Q

Descriptive or Observational Studies

A

Invovle obsderving and notinghte behavior of people or other animals to provide a systematic and objective anlysis of the behavior (observational studies

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23
Q

Two types of descriptive studies

A
  • Naturalistc observation: passive observation; doesnt interact in situation
  • Participant observation: active involvement; involved in situation
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24
Q

Issues with descriptive studies

A

Observer bias: systematic errors in observation that occurs bevause of an observer’s expectations (why introsepction is not scientifically valid)
Experiementer expectancy effect: actual change in the behavior of people/animals observed due to expectation of the observer or due to observation

25
Correlational Studies
Examine how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the reseracher to alter them (postive or negative correlation)
26
Issue with Correlational studies
Reseraches cannot draw causal conclusions from correlational studies. CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
27
Directionality problem | A reason why correlationd doesnt equal causation
Reserachers find a relationship between two variables but cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable.
28
Third variable problem | A reason why correlationd doesnt equal causation
Reseraches cannot be confident that an unmeasured vairbale is nto the actual cuase of the effects in the vairables of intrest
29
Experimental Studies
A study that tests causal hyptheses by measuring and maipulating variables
30
Confounding Variables:
anything that affects a DV and may uninentionally also vary beween experimentla groups of study ## Footnote * provides alternative explaination
31
What "blind" study is optimal and why ## Footnote ie single blind, double blind, no ones blind
Double blind: both particpants and reserachers are blind to condition becuase this reduces bias and conformation bias.
32
Why are confounding variables important? ## Footnote ie why do you want to avoid them
If there is a confounding variable, you can not for sure state the casual relationship between IV and DV, even if the experiment is replicated by other scientists.
33
Selection bias
Unintended differenceds between partipants in different groups | introduced for expeirmental studies. Could be a CV ## Footnote Ex: health studies that recruit participants directly from clinics miss all the cases who don't attend those clinics or seek care during the study.
34
Random assignment
each particpant has equal chance of being assigned to any level of the IV to ensure prexisiting difference are randoly distrutied between conditions | introduced for experimental studies
35
Can other reseraches replicate a result that arose from selection bais
NO ## Footnote note: most other confounding variables would be able to get replicated
36
Are random assignment and random sample the same?
NO * Random **sampling** involves selection particpants to be in experiemnt (before experiemnt) * Random **assignment** inovlves assigning participants to conditions (during experiment) ## Footnote ex. you are "sampled" and are now able to join an experiment (symbolism: allowed to enter the club), then once you are in the "club" you are sorted to a random "room" which is you assignment.
37
Pros of Experiment Studies
Demonstrate causal relationships
38
Cons of experimental studies
* labor intensive * often take place in artifical setting * samples may not generalize to population
39
Data
Objective observation or measurments. They test the hypothesis. All 3 types of studies collect data
40
Where does Data come from
* Observation * case studies * self report * response preformance * body-brain activity
41
Validity in data
Extent to which study actually measures what it intends to measure | (hitting the bulleye) ## Footnote ex. is it classical music effect, or a music effect? Stress-relief effect
42
What is reliability in data
extent by which a measure is stable and consisten over time (or replicatated) ## Footnote A study can be reliable WITHOUT being valid (visualization: consistently hitting the ouside right upper corner of a target)
43
Internal validity:
The degree to which the effects observed in an expeirmetn are truly due to the maniupalation of IV | Introduced with DATA QUALITY
44
External Validity
The degree to which the findings of a study can generalize to the real world | Introduced with DATA QUALITY ## Footnote ex: what true for UCD students may not apply to all humans.
45
Polygraph | what does this measure?
* Measure body brain activity. * Lie delector * Measured changes in bodily function (heart rate, perserperation,etc) related to behavior and mental state * Not the most reliable for measuring lying
46
Electroencepalograph (EEG) | what does this measure?
* Measures Brain Body interaction * measures the brain electrical activtiy
47
Positron emmision tomography: PET Scan | what does this measure?
* Brain body activity * Scans brain metabolic activity
48
what is body brain activity
body and brain responses to tasks or events
49
Magnetic resouance imaging (MRI)
* Brain body resposnes * produces a high resolution image of the brain
50
functional Magnetic resonace imaging (fMRI)
*brain body activity * maps mental activity by assesing the blood oxygen level in the brain
51
Transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS)
* Brain body activity * momentarly disrupts brain activity in specific brain region
52
Descriptitve Stats
Characterizing the group of data collected in a study | Intoduced during ANALYZING DATA
53
Central tendency
Describes a typical repsonse or behavior of a group as a whole | introduced with ANALYZING DATA ## Footnote This applies to the average person NOT everyone
54
Variability
how widely dispersed the values are from each other and the mean | introduced during ANALYZING DATA
55
Correlation (2 types)
* **Positive correlation**:both variables decrease together * **Negative Correlation**: as one variable increases the other decreases
56
Correlation coefficion
* Between -1 and +1 * sign (+-) rells direction of relation * Absolute value tells its strength
57
Inferential Statistic
set of procedure used to make judgement between sets of data: reach a conclusion based on results | INTRODUCED DURING ANALYZING DATA
58
Statisitically significant result
difference not likely due to chance ## Footnote (psych generally uses 5% chance p>0.05 as a signicance level)
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Psych 001 (2 decks)

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