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psychology hl > research methodology > Flashcards

research methodology Flashcards

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1
Q

Type of Quantitative Studies

A

Experimental, correlation, descriptive

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2
Q

Variables

Independent

A

manipulated to see a change in DV

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3
Q

variable

control

A

variables that are kept constant

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3
Q

variable

Dependent

A

what is observed after manipulating the IV

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4
Q

variable

Confounding

A

variables that could effect the DV apart from the IV

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5
Q

Qualitative sampling

Random

A

chosen at random/equal chance to all

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6
Q

Qualitative sampling

Stratified

A

percentage of target population decide on size of sample

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7
Q

Qualitative sampling

Self-selected

A

self responding people are chosen

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7
Q

Quantitative sampling

Convenience

A

most easily available

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8
Q

Experimental designs

Independent Measures Design

A

random allocation into groups and a comparison is made between groups, different participants go through different trials

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9
Q

Validity

Internal

A

to what extent is the change in DV cause by IV

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9
Q

Experiment designs

Matched Pairs Design

A

similar to independent measures, participants are put into pairs an allocate into a group

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9
Q

Experimental designs

Repeated Measure Design

A

use when the goal is to compare conditions, exposed to two or more conditions

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9
Q

Validity

Construct

A

to what extent do the operationalisations reflect thr constructs

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10
Q

Validity, external

Population

A

to what extent can the findings be generalised to the wider population

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10
Q

Validity, external

Ecological

A

to what extent can the finidings be generalised to rea life settings

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10
Q

threats to internal validity

selection

A

if the groups are not equivalent at the start

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11
Q

threats to internal validity

History

A

outside events that happen to participants in the course of the experiment

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12
Q

threats to internal validity

Maturation

A

participants go through natural developmental processes (fatigue)

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12
Q

threats to internal validity

Testing Effect

A

the first measurement of the DV may affect the second measurement

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12
Q

threats to internal validity

Regression to the mean

A

tendency for scores to average out

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13
Q

threats to internal validity

Instrumentation

A

when the instrument of the DV changes slightly between measurements

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14
Q

threats to internal validity

Experiment Mortality

A

some participants may drop out during

14
Q

threats to internal validity

Experimenter bias

A

the researcher unintentionally exerts an influence on the results

15
Q

Types of experiments

True lab

A

can infer causation, manipulated by researcher

15
Q

Types of experiments

True Field

A

can infer causation, manipulated by the researcher

16
Q

Types of experiments

Natural

A

cannot infer causation, manipulated by nature

17
Q

Qualitative research

Qualitative credibility

A

Triangulation

18
Q

Triangulation

Method

A

using different methods to compensate

18
Q

Types of experiments

Quasi

A

cannot infer causation, not manipulated (pre-existing difference

19
Q

Triangulation

Data

A

using a variety of sources

19
Q

Triangulation

Researcher

A

combining observations or interpretations of different researchers

20
Q

Qualitative Bias, participant

Acquiescence

A

the tendency to give positive answers

21
Q

Qualitative Bias, participant

social desirability

A

tendency to respond or behave in a way that they think will make them liked or accepted

21
Q

Qualitative Bias, participant

dominant

A

one participant influences the behaviour and responses of others

22
Q

Qualitative Bias, participant

sensitivity

A

tendency to answer regular questions honestly but distort their responses to sensitive subjects

23
Q

Qualitative Bias, researcher

confirmation

A

the researcher has a prior belief and uses the research to confirm that belief

24
Q

Quantitative, sampling

snowball

A

focus group volunteer other people

25
Q

Quantitative, sampling

quota

A

size and characteristice are pre-defined

26
Q

Quantitative, sampling

Purposive

A

characteristice are pre-defined

27
Q

Researcher bias

leading questions

A

the wording of questions lead to specific answers

28
Q

Researcher bias

question order

A

one answer influences the other responses

29
Q

Researcher bias

sampling

A

sample isn’t adequate

30
Q

Types of generalisability

sample-to-population

A

difficult, selecting a sample from population that is most representative (random sampling)

30
Q

Researcher bias

Reporting

A

not equal representation in report

31
Q

Types of generalisability

Theoretical

A

particular observations to broader theory

32
Q

Types of generalisability

Case-to-case

A

different group, context or setting

33
Q

Qualitative research methods

lab observation

A

for when the behaviour observed is unethical to arrange naturally

34
Q

Qualitative research methods

natural observation

A

natural behaviour, not arranged

35
Q

Qualitative research methods: Observation

overt

A

particiapnts are aware of the observation

36
Q

Qualitative research methods: Observation

covert

A

particiapnts are unaware of the observation

37
Q

Qualitative research methods: Observation

participant

A

observer becomes apart of the observed group

38
Q

Qualitative research methods: Observation

structured

A

systematic and standardised

39
Q

Qualitative research methods: Observation

unstructured

A

not pre-defined, notes are whatever the researcher deems worthy

40
Q

Qualitative research methods: Interviews

structured

A

fixed list of questions in a fixed order

41
Q

Qualitative research methods: Interviews

semi-structured

A

researcher knows what types of questions must be asked but follow-up questions can be asked

42
Q

Bias

Demand Characteristics

A

any cue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by participants as revealing the purpose of the investigation

psychology hl (4 decks)

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