Research Methodologies & Locations Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Define an experiment

A
  • a research method where cause and effect are measured through the control and manipulation of key variables, and where participants are randomly assigned to experimental/control groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the pros and cons of experiments?

A
  • PROS: allow for the precise control of extraneous and independent variables, clear cause and effect, internal validity.
  • CONS: artificial setting could produce unnatural behaviour, low ecological validity, expensive and time consuming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain lab experiments and +/-

A
  • conducted under controlled and artificial conditions
  • manipulate IV to measure DV
  • experimental and control conditions
    L&P:
    pros - high levels of control and easy to replicate
    cons - low ecological validity and problems of demand characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain field experiments and +/-

A
  • experiment conducted in a natural environment
  • allow causal relationships to form and Ps unaware they’re being researched
    Hofling:
    pros - higher colonial validity than lab experiments and less demand characteristics
    cons - unethical and more chance of extraneous variables
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe online research, including +/-

A
  • often involves questionnaires over social networking sites
    Pros - accessible and cost effective, replicable due to closed questions
    Cons- consent is hard to gain and there is social desirability bias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain quasi and natural experiments

A
  • natural experiments take advantage of a naturally occurring change in behaviour and the ability to measure the DV. Where unethical to manipulate IV
  • quasi are not true experiments as researcher has not manipulated IV and Ps not randomly allocated to control/experimental.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pros and cons of natural experiments (no manipulation by researcher, natural variables)

A

Pros - allows research in areas the IV cannot be manipulated for ethical or practical reasons (ie you cannot make a person schizophrenic). Allows researchers to investigate real problems which helps more people.
Cons - cannot demonstrate causal relationships because IV isn’t manipulated. Threat to internal validity as less control of extraneous variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non-experimental RM: questionnaire, +/-

A
  • RM that includes a list of questions which generate closed and/or open answers
  • produce qualitative and/or quantitive data
    Pros - used to assess psychological variables that are not obvious from observation & data can be collected quickly from large numbers
    Cons - no guarantee of honesty and varied interpretations of a question
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe structured interviews and +/-

A
  • standardised questions known as an interview schedule, asked face to face
  • elicit verbal responses
  • pros - same questions each time = easier to analyse, replicable and so more reliable
  • cons - restrictive and don’t allow for spontaneous questions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe semi-structured interviews and +/-

A
  • asking Ps questions with interview schedules and follow up questions (like a clinical interview)
  • pros - more qualitative info and higher validity
  • cons - difficult to analyse as not same questions used each time and not replicable, therefore less reliable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 types of observational studies?

A
  • covert: Ps unaware of research
  • overt: Ps aware
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain participant observation and +/-

A
  • researcher takes on role of participant whilst observing others
  • remains anonymous
    Pros - less chance of demand characteristics and can research people who would otherwise be difficult to observe.
    Cons - researcher may suffer from observer bias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain non-participant observation and +/-

A
  • researcher watches and records Ps behaviour from a distance with no interference
    Pros - less chance of observer bias and researcher clearly sees behaviour so more valid and reliable findings
    Cons - observer bias and unethical, consent and deception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain unstructured and structured observation

A
  • unstructured: researcher writes a detailed description of what is being observed. No preset categories. Qualitative data
  • structured: researcher records behaviour precisely. Preferable to unstructured as more objective and rigorous. Uses behavioural categories and sampling procedures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the 2 types of sampling

A
  • event sampling: count the number of times a particular behaviour occurs in a target individual
  • time sampling: record the behaviours in a time frame
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe case studies, including pros and cons

A
  • a method high involves an in-depth investigation of a phenomenon using a descriptive analysis of a person, event or group.
  • involves many diff RM and usually is qualitative
    Pros - rich qualitative data with high ecological validity and allows researchers to study cases they couldn’t ethically manipulate in an experiment
    Cons - researcher bias and difficult to generalise findings, so low population validity
17
Q

Describe correlations and refer to +/-

A
  • comparing to covariables to see if there’s a relationship between them. Illustrated by a scatter diagram.
    Pros - shows direction and strength of relationship which can be used to make prediction about behaviour. Used when experiments are inappropriate
    Cons - correlations only show that there is a relationships. Difficult to establish cause and effect
18
Q

Describe quantitative data and the +/-

A
  • type of data that can be measured numerically so stat analysis can be completed
    Pros - easy to analyse and easier to collect from large group of Ps
    Cons - tends to lose human level of behaviour and offers a shallow view
19
Q

Describe qualitative data and the +/-

A
  • type of data that is observed but not measured numerically. Difficult to analyse
    Pros - more individual and human view of behaviour and in-depth data
    Cons - difficult to analyse and is room limited range and number of people
20
Q

Describe primary resources and the +/-

A
  • information/data collected first hand by the researcher
    Pros -researcher can control format and relate it to aims of research
    Cons - may lack validity due to social desirability and/or demand characteristics
21
Q

Describe secondary resources and the +/-

A
  • information not collected by the researcher
    Pros - could be more valid
    Cons - researcher cannot control format of data produced
22
Q

What is an experimental/ group design

A
  • the way we organise the control and experimental conditions
23
Q

Describe a repeated measures design including pros and cons

A
  • experimental design where Ps take part in both control and experimental condition, and the performance in the control is compared to the experimental
  • significant difference between indicates the IV affects the DV
    PROS: participant variables & number of participants
    CONS: order effects & demand characteristics
24
Q

Describe an independent group design including pros and cons

A
  • experimental design where Ps take part in only one experimental condition and Ps are randomly allocated to either experimental or control
    PROS: demand characteristics & order effect
    CONS: number of Ps & P variables
25
Q

Describe the matched pairs design including pros and cons

A
  • type of independent groups where experimental and control Ps are deliberately similar in a way relevant to the study ie gender or age or IQ
  • matching can be time consuming and expensive
    CONS: number of Ps & P variables
    PROS: demand characteristics& order effects
26
Q

Random sampling

A

Where every person in the target population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample via random generation ie number generator

27
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

When the study is advertised and people come forward to be tested ie social media questionnaire

28
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Where researchers use Ps who are on hand at the time ie clinical psychologists patients

29
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Ps recruited by psychologist and then they further recruit Ps

30
Q

Stratified sample

A

Divided into categories and then Ps randomly selected from each group

31
Q

Quota sampling

A

Ps chose at convenience so not random. Chosen until quota is met

32
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Every nth person is chose - generate random number and choose every nth

33
Q

Describe and evaluate content analysis

A
  • exploration of behaviour to see what categories, codes or themes emerge
  • qualitative data turned to quantitive
    P: less chance of demand characteristics, can be repelicated
    C: observer bias can affect validity of findings, cannot draw cause and effect relationships
34
Q

What is a self report?

A
  • method which involves a P reporting on their own thoughts and feelings through methods like interviews or questionnaires or diaries
35
Q

Pros and cons of self reports

A

P: offer insight into why people behave how they do so less reason for researchers to guess behaviour. Qualitative info can be gathered
C: risk of social desirability bias and people may have inaccurate recall

36
Q

Disadvantages of quota sampling

A
  • researcher bias leading to low representation
  • not representative as relies on quota being filled
  • time consuming
37
Q

An advantage of using event sampling

A
  • allows for all behaviour to be recorded
  • findings could be more valid as nothing is missed
38
Q

Weakness of independent groups

A

Participant variables are not controlled