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IB Psychology > Research Method Key Terms > Flashcards

Research Method Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Quantitative research method

A

Data in form of numbers that are easy to summarize and submit to statistical analysis

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2
Q

Qualitative research method

A

Data gathered through direct interaction with participants- rich data

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3
Q

Aim

A

Purpose of a study

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4
Q

Procedure

A

Step-by-step process used by the researcher to carry out the study

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5
Q

Findings

A

State how the researcher interpreted the data that were collected

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6
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable causes a change in the other variable- the manipulated one

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7
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable measured after the manipulation of the ind. variable

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8
Q

Operationalized

A

Written in such a way that it is clear what is being measured

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9
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

Predicts the relationship between the IV and the DV- what is expected from the manipulation of IV

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10
Q

Null hypothesis

A

States that the IV will have no effect on the DV, or that any change in IV will be due to chance

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11
Q

Experimental (treatment) condition

A

When the condition in which the IV is manipulated

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12
Q

Control condition

A

Condition where a group gets no treatment/ condition

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13
Q

Repeated measures design

A

Uses the same participants in both the treatment and control group

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14
Q

Independent samples design

A

Makes use of two different groups of participants: one group is given the experimental treatment; the other group has no treatment

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15
Q

Target population

A

Group whose behaviour the researcher wishes to investigate

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16
Q

Participants

A

People who take part in a psychological study

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17
Q

Sample

A

The nature of the group of participants

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18
Q

Representative sample

A

A sample that represents a population

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19
Q

Bidirectional ambiguity

A

Where b/c no independent variable is manipulated, no cause-and-effect relationship can be determined
-do not know if x cause y or the other way around

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20
Q

Opportunity (convenience) sampling

A

Sample of whoever happens to be present and agrees to participate

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21
Q

Self-selected sampling

A

Sampling method made up of volunteers

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22
Q

Snowball sampling

A

When participants recruit other participants from among their friends and acquaintances

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23
Q

Random sampling

A

Defined as one in which every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

24
Q

Sampling bias

A

An imbalance in a sample that has an under or over representation of gender, ethnicity, age so that it is not represented of the target population

25
Q

Generalizability

A

The ability to assume that the behaviors observed in the random sample are representative of those in the larger population

26
Q

Reliability

A

Results can be replicated

27
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

It assesses the external consistency of a test to ensure that people making subjective assessments are all in tune with one another. This refers to the degree to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior.

28
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

A measure of the consistency of a psychological test across time. It administers a test twice at two different points in time and assumes that there will be no change in the quality or construct being measured.

29
Q

Internal validity

A

When the research actually measures what it intended to

30
Q

Ecological validity

A

The study represents what happens in real life

31
Q

Cross-cultural validity

A

Is the research relevant to other cultures

32
Q

Confounding variables

A

Undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

33
Q

Demand characteristics

A

When participants act differently simply because they are being observed

34
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

When participants act differently simply because they know they are in an experiment and they try to guess the ends of the study and act accordingly

35
Q

Researcher bias

A

When the experimenter sees what he or she is looking for or the expectations of the researcher consciously or unconsciously affect the findings of the study

36
Q

Participant variability

A

When characteristics of the sample affect the dependent variable

37
Q

Artificiality

A

When the situation created is so unlikely to occur that one has to wonder if there is any validity in the findings

38
Q

Social desirability effect

A

When most people want to present a positive picture of themselves so they may not always tell the truth when asked personal questions in an interview

39
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

refers to a tendency to use your own culture as the standard by which to judge and evaluate other cultures

40
Q

Order effect

A

When you use the same participants and they would learn what to remember in the first trial and this would affect the second trial

41
Q

Contamination

A

the analysis and trial and error processes of allowing information, anticipations, or other elements concerning a variable under examination to impact the gathering and perception of information about such a variable

42
Q

Placebo effect

A

phenomenon in which some people experience some type of benefit after the administration of a placebo (a substance with no known medical effects)

43
Q

Single-blind control

A

When participants do not know what the study is about

44
Q

Double-blind control

A

Not only do the participants not know whether they are in the treatment or control group but the person carrying out the experiment does not know the aim of this study nor whether each group is a treatment or control group

45
Q

Reflexivity

A

When the researcher needs to reflect on his or her own background and beliefs and how these could play a role in the research process

46
Q

Counterbalancing

A

To help avoid order effect you divide participants into 2 groups so group 1 goes a to b, then group 2 goes b to a

47
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants must be informed about the nature of the study and agree to participate

48
Q

Deception

A

When researcher do not want the participants to know the exact aim of the research b/c it can effect the results

49
Q

Protection of participants

A

To make sure that no harm is done to participants and it is not permitted to humiliate a participant or force them to reveal private information

50
Q

Debriefing

A

At the end of all studies the true aims and purpose of the research must be revealed to the participants

51
Q

Right to withdraw

A

The participants have the right to leave the study at any time and that they can withdraw their data at the end of the study if they wish

52
Q

Confidentiality

A

All the information that is obtained in a study must be confidential

53
Q

Stress and pain

A

Researchers should take measures to minimize stress and pain

54
Q

Consider alternative ways

A

Researchers should consider whether there are alternatives to animal research

55
Q

Approval of research projects by ethical committee

A

Researchers must ask for permission to conduct research with animals the application must include details of the study including potential harm to animals and possible benefits of that research

56
Q

Researcher competence

A

The researcher must have skills and experience in doing research with animals

57
Q

Theory

A

An explanation for a psychological phenomenon- used to summarize, organize, and explain observations; used to make predictions about observed events

IB Psychology (1 decks)

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