research into memory Flashcards
what is the process of converting information between forms
‘coding’
who researched coding
Baddeley (1966)
what was baddeleys procedure.
gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to remember.
1) Group 1 (acoustically similar): can).
2) Group 2 (acoustically dissimilar):
3) Group 3 (semantically similar):
4) Group 4 (semantically dissimilar):
Participants were shown the original words and asked to recall them in the correct order.
what where baddeleys findings
when people did the task immediately = did worse with acoustically similar words. (STM)
after 20 minutes = worse with semantically similar words. (LTM)
findings suggest that information is coded acoustically in STM and semantically in LTM
who did reaserch into capacity - tested digit span
Jacobs (1887)
what did Jacob look into
How much information can STM hold at one time?
what was Jacobs procedure
researchers read out four digit and participants re called these out loud in correct order.
Done with 5 digits then so on until participants recall numbers wrong.
what where the findings of Jacobs study
found on average, participants could repeat back 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters in the correct order immediately after they were presented.
who studied research into capacity - span of memory and chunking
Miller (1956)
what was millers procedure and findings.
observed everyday practice, and noted that things come in sevens
span (e.g. capacity) of STM is about 7 items, plus or minus 2.
people can recall five words as easily as they can recall five letters. We do this by chunking
who studied research on duration of STMS
Peterson and Peterson (1959).
what was Petersons and Petersons procedure.
24 students were given consonant syllables to recall.
and 3 digit number to count backwards from. - preventing maintenance reversal.
what did peterson and Peterson find,
after 3 seconds average recall was 80%.
after 18 seconds recall was 3%.
STM duration with ought rehearsal may be about 18 seconds.
who studies research into durations of LTM.
Bahrick et al
what was Bahrick et al procedure.
participants 392 Americans aged 17-74.
High school yearbooks
.
Recall was tested in various ways, including:
(1) a photo-recognition test consisting of 50 photos,
(2) a free recall test where participants recalled all the names of their graduating class.
