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Developmental Psychology > Research in Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Research in Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Anecdotal Inquiry

A

based on personal experience or surfing the web

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2
Q

Scientific Inquiry

A

utilizes the scientific method

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3
Q

Foundation for Scientific Inquiry

A

Empiricism, operationalization, validity, reliability, objectivity

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4
Q

4 Steps of the Scientific Process

A

1) Form a hypothesis (a testable statement that anchors your research, starting point of the study)
2) Research Design (experimental method, correlational study, case study, observational, longitudinal, cross-sectional)
3) Data Analysis: allows for statistical significance
4) Publication of the research (used to share your findings and to open work for scrutiny)

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5
Q

Generalizability Definition

A

the ability to apply study results to the larger population accurately

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6
Q

2 Primary Ways to achieve Generalizability

A

1) Larger sample size N
2) Select a Random sample/random assignment so that all outside factors are neutralized

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7
Q

What is the purpose of publication for the scientific method?

A

To share findings with others and to open work to scrutiny

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8
Q

APA In-Text Citation

A

Author’s last name and year of publication (Field, 2005)

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9
Q

APA Full Reference

A

Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Year). Article Titel. Magazine/Journal/Newspaper title, Volume/Issue number, Page numbers.

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10
Q

Bias Definition

A

occurs when systematic errors are introduced into sampling/testing/selection which invalidates the results of a study/experiment

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11
Q

Participant Bias

A

?

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12
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

the participant figures out what the researcher is studying and act differently to help the researcher by altering their behavior to what they believe is expected of them

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13
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

when people are being observed, they act differently

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14
Q

Researcher Bias

A

?

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15
Q

Solutions to Bias

A

1) Single Blind
2) Double Blind
3) Random Assignment
4) Operationalization

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16
Q

Single Blind Study

A

participants are blind to the conditions of the study (they don’t know what the researchers are trying to find)
this reduces participant bias

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17
Q

Double Blind Study

A

both participants and researchers are blind to the conditions of the experiment
reduces both participant and researcher bias

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18
Q

Random Assignment

A

ensures that every member of the sample has an equal chance of being placed in a control group or the experimental group

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19
Q

Operationalization

A

turning abstract conceptual ideas into measurable observations (How am I quantifying or measuring the variable of interest?)

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20
Q

Qualitative Research

A

focuses on obtaining data through open-ended questions

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21
Q

Example of Qualitative Research

A

Observational Designs

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22
Q

Quantitative Research

A

process of objectively collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control variables of interest

23
Q

Example of Quantitative Research

A

surveys, polls, longitudinal studies, correlational research, experimental research

24
Q

Experimental Method Process

A

isolate the variable (s) of interest and manipulate at least one variable to measure its effect on another variable

25
Q

IV

A

variable that you manipulate or change. It is what you are exposing your participants to

26
Q

DV

A

variable that you are measuring for change

27
Q

Control Group

A

baseline group that doesn’t get the variable
(are given Placebo)

28
Q

Control Group #2

A

Gets nothing

29
Q

Experimental Group

A

Gets the IV

30
Q

Confederate

A

a person that acts as a participant but is actually part of the research team.

31
Q

Pros of the Experimental Method

A

the only research design that can determine cause and effect
It can uncover potential causality between IV and DV

32
Q

Cons of Experimental Method

A

requires lots of time and money

33
Q

Correlational Method

A

investigating the association/relationship between 2 or more variables. Correlation does NOT equal Causation!! simply collect data, no random assignment or manipulation is needed

34
Q

Pros of COrrelational Method

A
35
Q

Cons of Correlational Method

A
36
Q

Third Variable Factor

A

this is the reason why correlation does not equal causation

37
Q

Observational Methods

A

nonexperimental studies conducts through observation. They are not considered experiments because we don’t have control over any of the variables (example of qualitative research)

38
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Field studies conducted out in the natural habitat of which you are observing. Doesn’t need consent since you are in a public setting

39
Q

Controlled/structured observations

A

Conducted in a lab setting where you are inviting participants to a particular space to be studied.

40
Q

Case Study Method

A

A carefully drawn account of an individual or set of individuals. Typically performed for rare or unknown phenomena (specific illnesses or disorder)

41
Q

Pros of Case Study Method

A

rich in detail and is able to spotlight previously unknown phenomenon

42
Q

Cons of Case Study Method

A

lack in generalizability and it is hard to maintain objectivity

43
Q

Longitudinal Research Method

A

a type of observational, correlational, or other study design that involves monitoring a population over an extended period of time

44
Q

Why is Longitudinal Research preferred in dev psych?

A

Preferable in the context of developmental psychology because it reveals how things progress/develop over time

45
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

more efficient alternative to longitudinal studies. Rather than following the same group across time, researchers simultaneously assess 2 or more age groups at the same time

46
Q

Pros of Cross Sectional

A

researchers are able to gather data from different age groups at the same time, requires less time and money in comparison to longitudinal studies

47
Q

Pros of Cross Sectional

A

researchers are able to gather data from different age groups at the same time, requires less time and money in comparison to longitudinal studies

48
Q

Cons of Cross Sectional

A

Doesnt reveal the reason behind the data/results
(Cohort Effect)

49
Q

Cohort Effect

A

differences between age groups could be due to generational differences (culture) rather than age

50
Q

APA Ethical Guidelines

A

1) Informed Consent: participants need to be given a brief description of what the study is for
Participation must be voluntary: and has to persist during the entirety of the participation
Participation must be confidential: participants must be assured that their identity is protected throughout the entire study
2) Do no harm: no mental or physical harm to participants
3) Deception: If deception is used, it cannot cause harm
Deception must be justified
Deception has to have proportionality: the cost of the deception to the participants has to be worth the reason/gain from the deception
4) Debriefing

51
Q

Institutional Review Boards (IRB)

A

They are designed to review and monitor research that involves human subjects

52
Q

American Psychological Association (APA)

A

Created after the aftermath of WW2, governing body that oversees psychological research. Created ethical guidelines for people to follow.

53
Q

Vulnerable populations and ethics

A

Although there are a lot of guidelines, vulnerable populations are a lot more difficult (children, people with disabilities)
Historically, what groups have not been a focus of research, and who is left out (participants and researchers) lack of representation/diversity in research

Developmental Psychology (3 decks)

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