Research for schizophrenia

Question 1

Intro and symptoms of SZ?

Answer 1

Bleuler found that symptoms are most severe in the first five years after onset

Question 2

Reliability of diagnosis?

Answer 2

Beck found that diagnosis agreement rate was only 54%
Copeland looked at agreement between US and UK
Read did a test restest analysis
Farmer found the present state analysis
Mojtabi and Nicholson looked at the diagnostic guide

Question 3

Validity of diagnosis?

Answer 3

Buckley looked at comorbid conditions
Konstantareas and Hewitt looked at overlapping symptoms

Question 4

Cultural bias?

Answer 4

Malgady found cultural differences in diagnosis
Copeland found differences between US and UK diagnosis

Question 5

Gender bias?

Answer 5

Goldstein found that men were more likely to be involuntarily committed
Cotton found that women recover quicker
Nasser found that early research was conducted by men
Loring and Powell looked at clinician preconception

Question 6

Genetic explanation?

Answer 6

Ripke reported 108 genetic variants
Gottesman and Shields did the family study
Tienari did the adoption study
Joseph did the twin study

Question 7

The dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 7

Davis did the refined dopamine hypothesis
Randrup and Munkrad created SZ-like behaviour in a sample of rats

Question 8

Further neural correlates?

Answer 8

McEwan argues that nurturing influences could actually instigate these structural changes in the brain

Question 9

Family dysfunction?

Answer 9

Bateson did the double bind hypothesis
Brown looked at high EE
Lidz investigated family background of SZ patients

Question 10

The cognitive explanation?

Answer 10

Bentall got patients to identify who made the words in a category
Startup looked at the effect of CBT

Question 11

Biological treatments?

Answer 11

Kapur looked at the action of AP drugs
Davis investigated the effectiveness of AP drugs
Elesser looked at the long term effects of AP drugs
Ross and Read reanalysed the data from Davis

Question 12

CBT?

Answer 12

Chadwick challenged false beliefs
Tarrier looked at the success of CBT
Startup looked at CBT compared with standard care
Kirschen found that older people were judged as being less suitable for CBT

Question 13

Family therapy?

Answer 13

Vaughn and Leff looked at families with high EE
Leff found that those who engage in EE reduce critical comments
Xiong did cross cultural research

Question 14

Token economy?

Answer 14

Allyon and Azrin found that token economies were successful
Upper found it could address side effects of AP drugs

Question 15

Interactionist explanation?

Answer 15

Meehl proposed the original diathesis stress model
Read proposed that early trauma can affect the developing brain
Tienari looked at genetic risk and parenting style
Startup looked at treatment
Murray looked at children bought after the flu epidemic

Question 16

Interactionist treatment?

Answer 16

Startup looked at CBT with AP drugs
Leff looked at AP drugs and family therapy
Tienari adoption study
Garrett used CBT to change a patient’s mind about taking APs