Research Exam #2

Question 1

Types of Qualitative Research Designs

Answer 1

Phenomenology
Grounded Theory
Ethnography
Autoethongraphy
Participatory Action Research

Question 2

Phenomenology

Answer 2

qualitative research about people’s lived experiences

Question 3

Grounded Theory

Answer 3

(sociology) Collecting/analyzing data with the goal of creating theories that explain observations and experiences

Question 4

Ethnography

Answer 4

(anthropology) experience of a specific cultural group
- autoethnography: experience of a person
- institutional ethnography: experience of an institution

Question 5

Participatory action research

Answer 5

(politics) asks individuals what Q’s to ask to learn about xyz, then uses their answers as the questions they ask

Question 6

qualitative terms relating to VALIDITY/RELIABILITY

Answer 6

• trustworthiness
• authenticity
• transferability
• credibility
• dependability
• confirmability

Question 7

trustworthiness

Answer 7

(qualitative, validity)

how well the results can be trusted

Question 8

transferability

Answer 8

(qualitative, validity)
=quantitative external validity
can the data apply to other circumstances?
enhanced by: thick description

Question 9

credibility

Answer 9

(qualitative, validity)
=quantitative internal validity
how confident are we in the truth of the data?
enhanced by:prolonged engagement, persistent observation, peer-debriefing, member checking, triangulation (multiple methods to document 1 phenomenon)

Question 10

dependability

Answer 10

(qualitative, validity)
=quantitative reliability
stability of data over time and space
enhanced by: step-wise replication (multi

Question 11

validity

Answer 11

how well can the data be trusted?

Question 12

reliability

Answer 12

was it measured correctly?

Question 13

Types of Quantitative Validity

Answer 13

statistical conclusion validity
internal validity
construct validity
external validity

Question 14

statistical conclusion validity

Answer 14

is there a relationship between the independent and the dependent variables? (did we use the right stats?)

Question 15

internal validity

Answer 15

is there evidence of a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables? (did the intervention actually cause the dep. variables change? were all others rules out?)

Question 16

construct validity

Answer 16

to what theoretical constructs can the results be generalized?

Question 17

External validity

Answer 17

can the results be generalized to other persons, settings or times?

Question 18

Pyramid of Quantitative types of validity

Answer 18

statistical conclusion
internal
construct
external

Question 19

Threats to Internal Validity

Answer 19

iMulti-group threats:
1.selection history (something different happened to group 1 than group 2 between pre and posttests) ,
2. selection maturation: when geoups experience different maturational changes (5mos-10mos olds vs 10yr-10.5 yr olds)
3. selection attrition,
4. selection testing: when pretests effect groups differently
5. selection instrumentation: test is not consistent across groups (due to variance in reliability)
6.selection regression to the mean: interaction is of concern if the groups are specifically divided based on higher and lower pretest scores
Single group threats:
1. history (something may have happened to have an effect on the dependent variable),
2. maturation: changes occur to dep. variable due to passing time
3. attrition: potential loss of participants during the data collection
4. testing threat: the mere act of collecting data changes the response being measured (potential effect of pretesting or repeated testing on the dep. variable
5. instrumentation: bias due to an unreliable/ inaccurate measuring system
6. regression to the mean: statistical phenomenon where scores on pretests are inherently likely to move towards the group mean in the post-tests

Question 20

Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity

Answer 20

wrong stats
ow statistical power (number of ppl to make it valid),
type I/type II errors,
variance

Question 21

Threats to Construct Validity

Answer 21

Reactivity: participants reacting to being in a study
1. Hawthorne effect: performance is effected (better) because they know they are in a study
2. Novelty effect: react because its new
Realism:________

Question 22

Threats to External Validity

Answer 22

if anything above is invalid it can not have external validity.

i. social threat: group a talks to group b
ii. compensatory equalization of treatment: treat the control group extra well to compensate for the fact that they are not getting the “better” treatment

Question 23

population:

Answer 23

the entire set of individuals or units to which your data will be generalized

Question 24

Target population

Answer 24

the larger population to which results of a study will be generalized (: the people with the condition your are focusing on, but not in your study)

Question 25

accessible population

Answer 25

¬¬¬¬¬¬The actual population of subjects available to be chosen for a study, usually a non random subset of the target population

Question 26

representative sample

Answer 26

a small groups whose characteristics are of equal proportions to those of a larger group

Question 27

sampling bias

Answer 27

bias that occurs when individuals who are selected for a sample overrepresent or underrepresent the underlying population characteristics

Question 28

sampling error

Answer 28

the difference between an observed statistic from a sample and the population parameters

Question 29

non-probability sampling

Answer 29

a sample that was not selected using random selection (weaker, but easier)

Question 30

probability sample

Answer 30

a sample chosen using randomized methods

Question 31

non-probability sampling

Answer 31

convenience: ppl at DU
snowballing: you’re in, get 3 fiends too!
quota

Question 32

Probability sampling (quantitative)

Answer 32

a sample chosen using randomized methods

Question 33

random sampling

Answer 33

probability method of selecting subjects for a sample, where every subject in the population has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 34

stratified random sampling

Answer 34

the grouping of individuals in a population into homogeneous groups on some characteristic prior to sampling (study on elementary school kids—take 1st , 2nd & 3rd graders and randomly split 1st in to a/b, randomly out 2nd in group a/b, randomly take 3rd split into a/b)

Question 35

cluster sampling

Answer 35

probability sampling in which large subgroups (clusters) are randomly selected, and then smaller units from those clusters are successively chosen