Research Exam 2 Flashcards
The ___ section provides a conceptual picture that is developed from the theoretical literature and sometimes from empirical literature.
framework
The___ section compares the analysis of the data in the present study with the results of previous studies.
results
The ___ section includes both theoretical and empirical sources that document the current knowledge of the problem studied.
review of literature
the ___ section of the research report provides conclusions that are a synthesis of the findings from previous research and those from the present study.
discussion
the ___ section may cite references to provide support for the procedures and measurement methods used in a study.
methods
Which of the following can be measured using direct measures?
- age, gender, height, weight
- anxiety and coping
- opinions and feelings
- personality and hardiness
age, gender, height, and weight
An indirect measure would be used to measure which of the following?
- heart rate 2.oxygen saturation
- spiritual perspective 4. temperature
spiritual perspective
the difference between the observed score and what exists in reality (true score) is called:
- homogeneity 2. measurement error
- split-half reliability 4. standard deviation
measurement error
what type of data is this?
- equals caucasian
- equals african american
- equals asian
- equals mexican american
nominal
what is the lowest level of measurement?
nominal
A researcher records the wt of subjects using nominal levels. what measurement could also be used?
(1) normal for ht
(2) over wt for ht
(3) under wt for ht
ordinal
data characteristics that can be ranked are measured on which scale?
ordinal
what level of measurement does this scale represent?
- less than $10,000
- $10,001-$25,000
- $25,001-$40,000
- greater than $40,000
ordinal
what level of measurement is represented?
–For families of 3 children, indicate where the male child is in the birth order. ______(1) Oldest
______(2) Middle
_____(3) youngest
ordinal
a blood hemoglobin measurement of 13.5 g/100 mL would be which level of measurement?
ratio
which level of measurement is indicated when referring to a temperature of 70 degrees F?
interval
Which of the following scales has an absolute zero point?
ratio
A researcher studying time&motion measures how long it takes the nurse to do a particular task. the time is recorded in minutes for comparison with other subjects. this is an example of which type of measurement?
ratio
which uses the higher level of measurement: temp in Fahrenheit degrees or weight in kilograms?
weight
which of the following represents the same idea for physiological instruments as reliability does for psychosocial instruments?
precision
which of the following alpha coefficients would be the lowest value you would accept in evaluating the reliability of a well-developed measurement tool?
a.) .25 b.) .50 c.) .65 d.) .80
.80
a correlation coefficient is used in tool development to determine:
reliability
which is true about test-retest reliability?
1. is not useful in situations where the variable is dynamic& changing. 2. reflects a measure of instrument acuracy. 3.requires at least 3 weeks between test&retest administration 4. requires a correlation between the 2 administrations of .30 or greater.
answer: is not useful in situations where the variable is dynamic and changing
consistency is associated with:
reliability
serendipitous findings are best dealt within which of the following ways? 1. Included in the final written report. 2. incorporated into the ongoing study. 3. ignored because they are suspect findings. 4. interchanged with the dependent variable
included in the final written report
in the research process, a critical factor in data collection is:
consistency
a major advantage of using a questionaire for data collection is that the questionaire:
can be distributed to large samples
which of the following is an advantage of observational methods of data collection?1. data are free from distortions or biases. 2. inferences are based on attitudes & values of the observer. 3. subjectivity of researcher’s observations adds credibility. 4. these directly capture a record of events & behaviors.
these directly capture a record of events and behaviors
which is true about Likert scales? 1. data from each item are at the ratio level of measurement. 2. response set biases are not a problem. 3. scores from individual items can be summed for a total score. 4. there must be 7 response options for each item.
score from individual items can be summed for a total score
interviews are generally preferable to questionaires because:
the quality of data tends to be higher
descriptive statistics should be reported in every study to:
show the sample characteristics
a researcher notes that 3 of 30 subjects had extreme anxiety scores when compared w/ the other subjects. these 3 subjects would be treated as:
outliers
results of an ANOVA analysis of 3 specialty nursing groups indicate there is a significant diff between groups on the practice of spiritual care. to determine where the difference occurs,the researcher would need to run which statistical analyses?
post hoc
the likelihood that a statistical value obtained through analysis of the data is likely to occur in any 2 samples selected from the same population is called:
probability
the level of significance usually set in nursing studies is at either:
.05 or .01
a researcher reports that results of a study were not statistically significant.how is this to be interpreted?
research does not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis
a statistically significant finding means that:
obtained results are not likely to have been due to chance
which of the following questions relates to generalization?1. are the findings generally significant to people in the study?2. can these findings be applied to other groups or settings?3. does the degree of control in the study allow for statistical significance?4. how many alternative explanations or rival hypotheses can be proposed?
can these findings be applied to other groups or settings?
which of the following interpretations is acceptable as worded? 1. findings suggest that cholesterol levels influence cardiac blood flow.2. results demonstrate that lithium has hazardous side effects in all humans.3. the positive correlation between age&reaction time indicates that age is a casual factor in automobile accidents.4. the study proved that cig smoking causes lung cancer.
findings suggest that cholesterol levels influence cardiac blood flow.
which is true about type I errors? 1.considered only when results are not statistically significant in a study. 2.extremely likely to happen when p is less than 0.001. 3. more likely to happen when p is less than 0.01 rather than p is less than 0.05 4. occur when the researcher says there is a significance, but findings are actually not statistically significant.
occur when the researcher says there is significance, but findings are actually not statistically significant.
level of significance, sample size, power, & effect size are the 4 components of:
power analysis
under what condition would the mean, median, and mode be equal?
normal distribution of scores
if a nurse researcher found that older patients asked fewer questions before surgery than younger patients, the relationship would be described statistically as:
negative
the target population for a study is hispanic men over 55 years of age who have never been screened for prostate cancer. 1. What is the population? 2.What might be an accessible population?
- hispanic men
2. hispanic men over 55 years who work for a large manufacturing plant that has an employee health nurse.
list 3 ethical principles that are relevant to the conduct of research involving human subjects:
persons, beneficience, justice
list 3 examples of legally or mentally incompetent subjects:
mentally ill, children, prisoners
Maintaining confidentiality is more difficult in _____ research.
qualitative
a researcher who doesnt disclose that a portion of the data from the original study sample was not used in the final data analysis could be accused of:
scientific misconduct
if a researcher unobtrusively observes interactions among pts in a psychiatric hospital for the purposes of data collection, which human right may be violated?
self-determination
one example of a research population with diminished autonomy (vulnerability) would be:
mentally ill patients
in a study of pts experiencing arthritis, the researcher used real names in the field notes. which human right was violated?
privacy
the safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called:
anonymity
in a study in which nurses rated weekend versus weekday work schedule preference, the researcher permitted nursing administrators to examine the raw data. which human right was violated?
confidentiality
a questionaire has an ID number in one corner that allows the research team to identify the subject. this is an example of:
confidentiality
a research subject reported to a nurse that he was not receiving as much physical therapy as his friend who was not in the study. which human right needs to be investigated?
fair treatment
the researcher’s efforts to maximize benefits and minimize risks refer to the research subject’s right to:
protection from discomfort and harm
subjects who volunteered to receive an experimental treatment for AIDS are educated about essential study information, assessed for understanding of this information, and asked to willingly participate in the research study. this process is referred to as:
informed consent
competence of a potential research subject to give informed consent is typically determined by the:
researcher
the purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) is to:
determine the extent to which human rights will be protected in a study
the goal of the health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) addresses which of the following? the principle or right of/to:
justice
which of the following is not among the rights of research subjects that are protected in ethical research?
fair pay for participation
the current practice with regard to research on neonates is:
they are extremely vulnerable and should not be involved in research
the sampling criteria for a study are (1)men&women over age 25 years,(2)who have no chronic illness,(3)who can read&write either English or Spanish,&(4)who completed the 9th grade.Why might a researcher broadly define the eligibility or sampling criteria for a study?What type of sample will result from broad eligibility criteria-homogenous or heterogeneous?Which research designs are most consistent w/ broad eligibility criteria?
- to be able to recruit a large sample and/or to increase the generalizability of the study findings.
- heterogeneous
- broad sampling criteria are appropriate for descriptive and correlational designs because a range of scores on variables is desirable. the goal of these designs is to accurately represent a phenomenon in a natural setting.
the sample critieria for a study are (1)women between the ages 35&45,(2)who have no chronic illness,(3)who are employed,(4)who have completed at least 2 yrs of college,&(5)who are not married or partnered.Why might a researcher narrowly define the eligibility or sampling criteria for a study?What are the challenges that can result from narrow eligibility criteria?Which research designs are most consistent with narrow eligibility criteria?
- to create a homogeneous sample with fewer extraneous characteristics that could influence the study findings.
- may be difficult to recruit persons who fit the criteria and increase the time required to complete the study.
- quasi-experimental and experimental designs. in these studies, the researcher wants tight control to increase the credibility of the findings and to assure that any differences that are found are due to intervention or treatment
