Research Designs and Hierarchies Flashcards
hypothesis
proposed answer
to a question created before a study
null hypothesis
hypothesis that no significant difference exists between certain populations H0
alternative hypothesis
two variables are related. Ha. observations are a result of a real effect.
independent variable
manipulated by experimenter
dependent variable
AKA outcome measure. Variable effected by manipulation of independent variable
experimental
active manipulation of a situation present. Two or more groups
Nonexperimental
observe rather than manipulate. One group.
subjective bias
humans have tendency to pay attention to info supporting their belief and ignore other evidents. Can lead to inaccurate result, so should be controlled with blinding, masking or concealment.
controlled studies
compares results of different particpants or conditions
uncontrolled studies
report on characteristics of individual, group, or condition
inductive
first observe, then experiment, then interpret the nature of the events (focuses on developing theory)
ex: get data from database, see if patterns exist, create hypothesis
deductive
explain event, do experiments to try to verify (focuses on testing existing theory)
levels of evidence from highest to lowest
metanalysis, systematic review, randomized controlled studies, quasi-experimental, single subject, case studies
meta-analysis
uses statistical analysis to pool together data of studies looking at same research question
systematic review
pools together several research studies but without the use of statistical analysis
