Research Designs

Question 1

descriptive research design

Answer 1

includes research that provides exploratory data about the specific variables being examined.

Question 2

survey research design

Answer 2

includes gathering information regarding perceptions and behaviors through the use of questionnaires.

Question 3

developing a questionnaire

Answer 3

Identifying an Objective
Identifying the Sample
Determining Questionnaire Format and Item Development
Accessing the Sample
Collecting and Analyzing Responses

Question 4

behavioral observation design

Answer 4

includes the process of collecting objective information by a live observer or through the use of audio or videotapes.

Question 5

quant: duration recording

Answer 5

involves determining the amount of time spent on a predetermined behavior.

Question 6

quant: frequency recording

Answer 6

involves determining the number of times a predetermined behavior occurs.

Question 7

quant: interval recording

Answer 7

involves determining if the predetermined behavior occurs or does not occur within a specific time period.

Question 8

quasi experimental designs

Answer 8

focus on comparing group differences in which the groups studied cannot be manipulated or randomly assigned.

Question 9

true experimental designs

Answer 9

focus on comparing group differences in which the groups studied are manipulated or randomly assigned.

Question 10

correlation research designs

Answer 10

focus on determining the relationship among two continuous variables or how much the predictor variable influences the criterion variable.

Question 11

correlation: predictor variable

Answer 11

used to explain the criterion or outcome variable in correlation research designs, otherwise known as the X variable.

Question 12

correlation: criterion variable

Answer 12

the variable that is being explained by the predictor variable in correlation research designs, otherwise known as the Y variable.

Question 13

qualitative research approach

Answer 13

asks questions such as “how” or “why” to explore research topic areas from the participants’ descriptive perspective to lead to results and conclusions.

Question 14

qual: research questions

Answer 14

include descriptive and exploratory “how” and “why” questions when using the qualitative research approach.

Question 15

qual: inductive reasoning

Answer 15

a bottom up form of problem solving in which new conclusions are based on information generated from individual observations or experiences.

Question 16

qual: deductive reasoning

Answer 16

a top down form of problem solving in which new conclusions are based on theory.

Question 17

trustworthiness

Answer 17

integrity of qualitative data

Question 18

qual: trustworthiness: prolonged engagement

Answer 18

uses immersion into the research setting to allow the qualitative researcher an opportunity to build a rapport and trust.

Question 19

qual: trustworthiness: peer debriefing

Answer 19

uses individuals who have not been immersed within the qualitative data collection to provide an alternative look at the data.

Question 20

qual: trustworthiness: member checking

Answer 20

allows the participants to ensure the data collected during an interview was accurately and appropriately transcribed.

Question 21

qual: trustworthiness: triangulation

Answer 21

employing multiple methods of collecting data that all measure the same research variable.

Question 22

structured interview

Answer 22

includes predetermined questions that the researcher must follow verbatim during an interview.

Question 23

semi structured interview

Answer 23

includes predetermined questions that the researcher will use as a guide, but he or she can be flexible with the scripted questions during an interview.

Question 24

unstructured interview

Answer 24

includes a limited number of predetermined questions that the researcher may use as a reference, but he or she must rely on the participant’s responses to guide the direction of the interview.

Question 25

focus groups

Answer 25

include many people to discuss specific questions asked by the researcher or moderator.

Question 26

direct observation

Answer 26

collection of data through the eyes of a qualitative researcher.

Question 27

stimulated recall

Answer 27

audio or video taping of an event followed by replay with the participants to recollect information or evoke emotions for purposes of future understanding the research question.

Question 28

ethnographic research

Answer 28

involves direct observation by a participant observer to better understand sociocultural phenomena.

Question 29

phenomenological research

Answer 29

uses interviews to better understand individual perceptions of a phenomena or event.

Question 30

qual: case study

Answer 30

an in-depth examination of a “case” – such as a person, organization, incident, or community – employing a wide variety of data collection methodology to understand the case.

Question 31

qual: narrative inquiry research

Answer 31

a form of storytelling involving the collection of anecdotal information that is analyzed through the eyes of the researcher or those who participated.

Question 32

mixed method research approach

Answer 32

includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects to lead to results and conclusions.

Question 33

triangulation mixed methods research design

Answer 33

employing multiple methods of collecting data

Question 34

explanatory mixed methods research design

Answer 34

includes a sequence of collecting quantitative data and then qualitative data to better understand the initial quantitative aspect of the research.

Question 35

embedded mixed methods research design

Answer 35

uses data that are collected simultaneously using both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Question 36

exploratory mixed methods research design

Answer 36

involves collecting qualitative data first and then quantitative data to better understand a new construct or theory.

Question 37

action research

Answer 37

typically takes place in an applied setting that leads to results and conclusions that are intended to directly benefit current practices.

Question 38

pros of mixed methods

Answer 38

Creating partnerships Answer unique research questions Greater diversity of findings

Question 39

cons of mixed methods

Answer 39

Design tedious Length of study Funding Finding partnerships