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PSY3062 > Research design and appropriate analyses > Flashcards

Research design and appropriate analyses Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Categorical variable

A

a variable that can take on one of a limited, and usually fixed, number of possible values, assigning each individual or other unit of observation to a particular group or nominal category on the basis of some qualitative property

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2
Q

Define

Continuous variable

A

numeric variables that have an infinite number of values between any two values

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3
Q

Define

Discrete variable

A

Variables that can only take on a finite number of values

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4
Q

Define

Nominal variable

A

a variable that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories

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5
Q

Define

Null hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

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6
Q

Define

Ordinal variable

A

a scale that has the property of a nominal scale, but also identifies an ordering of objects in terms of the attribute

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7
Q

Define

Parameter

A

a number that describe the data from a population

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8
Q

Define

Probability Level (p-value)

A

A number calculated with statistical techniques that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable or variables; the convention in science, including social psychology, is to consider results significant if the probability level is less than 5 in 100 that the results might be due to chance factors and noth the independent variables studied

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9
Q

Define

Quantitative variable

A

Variables whose values result from counting or measuring something

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10
Q

Define

Standard normal distribution

A

a normal distribution with a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1

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11
Q

Define

Statistic

A

a number that describes the data from a sample

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12
Q

Define

Z score

A

a linear transformation of test scores that expresses the distance of each score from the mean of the distribution of scores in units of the standard deviation of the distribution

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13
Q

Definition

a variable that can take on one of a limited, and usually fixed, number of possible values, assigning each individual or other unit of observation to a particular group or nominal category on the basis of some qualitative property

A

Categorical variable

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14
Q

Definition

numeric variables that have an infinite number of values between any two values

A

Continuous variable

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15
Q

Definition

Variables that can only take on a finite number of values

A

Discrete variable

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16
Q

Definition

a variable that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories

A

Nominal variable

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17
Q

Definition

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

A

Null hypothesis

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18
Q

Definition

a scale that has the property of a nominal scale, but also identifies an ordering of objects in terms of the attribute

A

Ordinal variable

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19
Q

Definition

a number that describe the data from a population

A

Parameter

20
Q

Definition

A number calculated with statistical techniques that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable or variables; the convention in science, including social psychology, is to consider results significant if the probability level is less than 5 in 100 that the results might be due to chance factors and noth the independent variables studied

A

Probability Level (p-value)

21
Q

Definition

Variables whose values result from counting or measuring something

A

Quantitative variable

22
Q

Definition

a normal distribution with a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1

A

Standard normal distribution

23
Q

Definition

a number that describes the data from a sample

A

Statistic

24
Q

Definition

a linear transformation of test scores that expresses the distance of each score from the mean of the distribution of scores in units of the standard deviation of the distribution

A

Z score

25
Q

What are the two types of categorical data?

A

Ordinal

Nominal

26
Q

What are the two types of quantitative variables?

A

Continuous

Discrete

27
Q

What type of data is a grade (HD, D, C, P …)?

A

Categorical (ordinal)

28
Q

What type of data is exam marks (89, 86.2, 69)?

A

Continuous (ratio)

29
Q

Why is it better to have continuous data?

A

It offers more information that categorical data and it can also be converted into categorical data as needed, whereas categorical data cannot be converted into continuous

30
Q

What are the two major steps in statistical tests/analyses?

A
  1. Compute a test statistic, which is a value that describes the degree to which the relationship between variable or group difference vary from the null hypothesis of no difference or relationship
  2. Compute a p-vaue, which estimates the likelihood in which one would see the difference described by the test statistic if the null hypothesis were true (random chance)
31
Q

What questions can you use to decide which statistical test to use?

A
  • Does your data meet assumptions for parametric tests in general?
  • What type of variables do you have: categorical or continuous?
  • Repeated measurements or independent research design?
  • How many predictors and outcome variables? Number of levels?
  • So you’ve selected your test. The next question is whether or not your data meets the assumptions for the specific test?
32
Q

“Pei wants to examine if men are more sexually motivated than women as the literature suggests”

What is the IV?

What is the DV?

Categorical or continuous?

What is the research design?

How many groups/levels per IV?

A

What is the IV? Sex/gender

What is the DV? Sexual motivation

Categorical or continuous? Continuous

What is the research design? Between-subjects

How many groups/levels per IV? 2 groups (male and female)

33
Q

“Does self-esteem and relationship experience predict dating anxiety?”

What is the IV?

What is the DV?

Categorical or continuous?

What is the research design?

How many groups/levels per IV?

A

What is the IV? Self-esteem and relationship experience

What is the DV? Dating anxiety

Categorical or continuous? Continuous and categorical

What is the research design? Between-subjects

How many groups/levels per IV? Continuous and 2

34
Q

What types of questions indicate that you want to know the difference between groups?

A

Is there a difference in Y among X?

Are there X difference in Y?

Are there differences in group means?

35
Q

What types of questions indicate that you want to know the relationship between groups?

A

Is there a relationship between X and Y?

Does X predict Y?

Is there a correlation/assocation/link between X and Y?

36
Q

How do you determine causality?

A

Only by manipulating the IV in an experiment

37
Q

What types of tests can be used when you have categorical predictors/IVs?

A

T-test

ANOVA

Correlation (only when dichotomous)

Linear regression (only when dichotomous)

38
Q

What types of tests can be used when you have continuous predictors/IVs?

A

Correlation

Linear regression

T-test (with conversion of continous score into groups)

ANOVA (with conversion of continous score into groups)

39
Q

What are the two main types of biased samples?

A

Convenience

Voluntary response

40
Q

What are the three basic prinicples of a good experiment?

A

Randomisation

Repetition

Control

41
Q

What proportion of the results lie within 2 SD of a normal distribution?

A

95%

42
Q

What proportion of the results lie within 1 SD of a normal distribution?

A

68%

43
Q

What proportion of the results lie within 3 SD of a normal distribution?

A

99.7%

44
Q

What is the name of the number that describes the data from a population?

A

Parameter

45
Q

What are the basic characteristics of a normal distribution?

A
  1. The normal distribution is unimodal (1 peak)
  2. The normal distribution is symmetric about its mean
  3. The parameters µ and σ completely characterise the normal distribution
  4. X ~ N(µ, σ), where X = variable, N = normal distribution, µ = mean and σ = SD
46
Q

What is the mean and SD of a standard normal distribution?

A

µ = 0 and σ = 1

47
Q

What is the formula that allows us to transform any normal distribution into a standard normal distribution?

A

z = (x - μ)/σ

PSY3062 (9 decks)

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