Research Design Flashcards
True experimental design
at least one IV Is manipulated and subjects are randomly assigned
Quasi-experimental design
at least one IV is manipulated, but there is non-random assignment of subjects, typically because subjects are already in pre-existing groups
Observational, passive, or non-experimental
no intervention or manipulation
Between groups design
only compares groups that are independent
Within subjects design
groups contrasted are correlated or related (e.g. matched or repeatedly measured)
Counterbalancing
Because of possible carryover effects
Latin square is most sophisticated form of counterbalancing
Mixed design
involve groups that are both independent or correlated
e.g. between and within subjects design
Single subjects designs (five types)
one or very few subjects are studied intensively and each subject is measured many times
AB, ABAB, multiple baseline, simultaneous treatment, changing criterion
Autocorrelation
effect of measuring the same person repeatedly, which results in highly correlated data
significant problem associated with any single subject design
AB Design
single subjects design baseline condition (A) followed by treatment condition (B) most significant problem is the threat of history - hard to determine whether it was intervention that caused change or some other event
ABAB Design
single subjects design
baseline (A), treatment (B), baseline (A), treatment (B)
protects against threat of history
two problems: failure of DV to return to baseline and issue of ethics regarding removing effective treatment
multiple baseline design
single subjects design
treatment applied sequentially or consecutively across subjects, situations, or behaviors
problems: more time consuming and expensive
simultaneous (alternating) treatment design
single subjects design
involves two or more interventions implemented concurrently during the treatment phase
treatments are balanced and varied across time of day
allows for comparison of the relative effectiveness of two or more interventions for an individual
changing criterion design
single subject design
attempt made to change behavior in increments to match a changing criterion
time sampling
type of behavioral measurement that is useful when a behavior is not discrete, and thus has no distinct beginning and end
two types: momentary time sampling and whole-interval sampling
momentary time sampling
observer recording whether target behavior is present or absent at the moment the time interval ends
whole-interval sample
aka interval sampling or interval recording
involves scoring target behavior positively only if it is exhibited for a full duration of the time interval
event recording
involves tallying the number of times the target behavior occurred
analogue research
evaluates treatment under conditions that only resemble or approximate clinical situations
typically study less severe problems
treatments tend to be highly standardized
e.g. participants are college students and volunteers and therapists are graduate students
problem - limited generalizability
clinical trials
outcome investigations conducted in clinical settings
cross-sequential research
aka cohort-sequential research
takes several cross sections (e.g. of age groups) and follows them over briefer periods of time (e.g. 5-10 years instead of lifespan)
simple random sampling
every member of population has an equal chance of being randomly selected
stratified random sampling
population first divided into strata (e.g. age levels, income levels, ethnic groups), and then random sample of equal size from each stratum is selected
proportional sampling
individuals randomly selected in proportion to their representation in the general population
