Research Design

Question 1

What is the concept in measurement process?

Answer 1

level of abstraction -> explore relationship -> define measurement -> operationalisation -> stats test -> check replicaibility

Question 2

What is categorical data?

Answer 2

• variables with discrete number of response options
• coded as integers
• Binary when only two values available

Question 3

What is numerical data?

Answer 3

• continuous data with real number of value
• within specified range of measurement

Question 4

Name the three types of Numerical data

Answer 4

• interval or ratio
• continuous
• discrete

Question 5

What is count data?

Answer 5

variables take non-negative values
limitless but limited in lower bound

Question 6

What is Nominal data?

Answer 6

• Binary or categorical variable
• Numbers share no relationship
• No meaningful order

Question 7

What is ordinal data?

Answer 7

• Binary or categorical in meaningful order
• data on a scale
• use inequalities but can’t state how much; subjectivity between meanings

Question 8

What is interval data?

Answer 8

• Interval = variables where numerical values have meaning
• no true 0 point due to continuous numerical scale
• differences have 0 point
• can add and subtract

Question 9

What is ratio data?

Answer 9

• Variables with numerical values have meaning
• Variables have 0 point
• Plausible to divide and multiply
• Double from scale of 0

Question 10

What is tidy data?

Answer 10

each variable in own column and each observation in own row

Question 11

What are central tendency?

Answer 11

Averages
- set of statistics which describe central point of frequency distributions

Question 12

What are dispersions?

Answer 12

• set of statistics describing variation in frequency distributions

Question 13

What are the dispersions within nominal data?

Answer 13

• Central tendency = mode
• Variability = relative frequency

Question 14

What are the central tendency and dispersions within ordinal data?

Answer 14

• central tendency = mode or median
• variability = range, inter-quartile range

Question 15

What does a frequency table show?

Answer 15

• Possible outcomes
• Count of number of observations per outcome
• count as percentage

Question 16

What is the mode?

Answer 16

the most observed value in data set

Question 17

What is the median?

Answer 17

• Value for which half the data falls above and half below the given value

Question 18

What is the interquartile range?

Answer 18

difference between the 1st and 3rd quartile

Question 19

What are the steps to calculate the IQR?

Answer 19

1. Rank the data
2. Split the data into 4 equal blocks
3. quartiles = points dividing ordered ranks
4. IQR = difference between 25% and 75%

Question 20

What does each percentage represent in IQR?

Answer 20

First quartile is first category = cumulative percentage ≥ 25%

Median is first category = cumulative percentage ≥ 50%

Forth quartile is first category = cumulative percentage ≥ 75%

Question 21

What is cumulative frequency?

Answer 21

another way of expressing frequency distribution

Question 22

What is used to describe nominal data?

Answer 22

• Bar plots
• Mode
• Frequency tables

Question 23

What is used to describe ordinal data?

Answer 23

• Bar plots
• Mode or median
• Range (simple and IQR)

Question 24

What central tendency is used to describe continuous data?

Answer 24

Mean: sum of all values divided by total number of observations

Question 25

What is the dispersion used for continuous data

Answer 25

variance
standard deviation