research and study skills 1

Question 1

What are the 5 research characteristics?

Answer 1

Systematic; logical; empirical; reductive; replicable

Question 2

What is a logical research characteristic?

Answer 2

Involving induction and deduction

Question 2

What is a systematic research characteristic?

Answer 2

Following a process

Question 3

What is an empirical research characteristic?

Answer 3

Making measurements and having data and evidence

Question 4

What is a reductive research characteristic?

Answer 4

presenting something in a simplified form

Question 5

What is a replicable research characteristic?

Answer 5

needing to reproduce methods to get the same results and observations

Question 6

What is basic reductionism?

Answer 6

Pure forms of science, structured and controlled and lab based

Question 7

What is applied science reductionism?

Answer 7

trying to put an objective measure on study using a field based test, can be applied to the real world- doesn’t need to be controlled

Question 8

What is internal validity?

Answer 8

Good for basic reductionism as all the variables are controlled so you know that the one you’re looking at is causing the change

Question 9

What is external validity?

Answer 9

Good for applied reductionism as its how well the results can be applied to the real world or other contexts

Question 10

What is the sample size letter?

Answer 10

n

Question 11

What is the target population letter?

Answer 11

N

Question 12

How do you know if a sample is correct ?

Answer 12

n=N

Question 13

List the different sample techniques

Answer 13

Random; stage; systematic; stratified; cluster; opportunity

Question 14

What is random sampling?

Answer 14

creating a random sample using techniques such as generators

Question 15

What is stage sampling?

Answer 15

Using randomness at different stages of sampling

Question 16

What is systematic sampling?

Answer 16

starting from a random place and then moving on in increments from that point

Question 17

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 17

Trying to get a sample to match a target or global population

Question 18

What is cluster sampling?

Answer 18

Testing naturally occurring groups

Question 19

What is opportunity sampling?

Answer 19

Getting anyone who wants to take part to take part

Question 20

What are the three levels on the research design continuum?

Answer 20

Analytical; descriptive; experimental

Question 21

What are the 3 sections of analytical research design?

Answer 21

reviews (critiquing evidence); historical (accessing past records); philosophical (organising evidence)

Question 22

What are the 2 types of the descriptive research continuum?

Answer 22

Case studies (studying an individual) and surveys

Question 23

What are the types of surveys?

Answer 23

Cross-sectional (single time point); longitudinal (multiple time points); and correlational (relationships, see if measurements relate)

Question 24

Correlation and causality

Answer 24

Correlation does not infer causality (and vice versa)

Question 25

What are the main variables during experiments?

Answer 25

Independent (cause, the thing you manipulate); dependent (what the outcome and effect is); extraneous (a variable from outside the study that could affect the study); confounding (when an extraneous variable does affect the study)

Question 26

What are the 4 experimental designs?

Answer 26

Pre-designs; quasi-designs; true designs; stats-designs

Question 27

What is randomisation?

Answer 27

Putting people into different groups randomly

Question 28

What are the pre-designs?

Answer 28

pre-experimental design (anecdotal evidence and inference); pre-test-post-test design (start and end point with results but no control group); static group comparison (comparing results with a control group but no pre-test)- all of these don't have causality

Question 29

What are the quasi designs?

Answer 29

weekly measurements from an individual, then carry out the test, then take measurements (see changes over time); reverse time series (record results during, then take away supplement and see how they change afterwards (removing tests to see results)

Question 30

What are true designs?

Answer 30

Randomised group comparison (everyone is equivalent at baseline) and the Solomon 4 group design (no pre-test for 2 groups to prevent the interaction with the baseline affecting the results); matched group design (when you actively move people into groups to make them equal); matched pair design (when you get people who have the same characteristics to pair up and split them into different groups to get balanced groups)