Research and Experiment

Question 1

Survey

Answer 1

Technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes/behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative
Random sample of them
Advantages: quick, easy, and inexpensive
Disadvantages: possible low response rate, participants may lie

Question 2

Correlational

Answer 2

Uses words like LINK, RELATIONSHIP
allows researchers to determine if there is a relationship between two variables
Does NOT involve manipulation of variables (examines how variables are related without the interference of the researcher

Question 3

Statistical

Answer 3

Measure of the probability of the null hypothesis (no relationship between variables) being true compared to acceptable level of uncertainty regarding true answer
Whether or not the difference between groups can be attributed to chance of if it’s the results of experimental influences

Question 4

Observation

Answer 4

Research where experimenter passively observes the behavior of participants without any attempt at intervention/manipulation of the behaviors being observed

Question 5

Experiment

Answer 5

When there is a study conducted that investigates the direct effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable

Question 6

Dependent variable

Answer 6

variable researchers measure, what is influenced by independent variable

Question 7

Independent variable

Answer 7

variable experimenter manipulates
NOT changed by other variables

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Unconditioned response

Answer 9

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 11

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 11

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

Can apply results of study to broader audience
For stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

Experimental Group

Answer 14

Subjects who receive the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable

Question 15

Control Group

Answer 15

Subjects who do not receive any treatment or manipulation

Question 16

Blind study

Answer 16

Where participants do not know whether they are in control/experimental group
Eliminates placebo effect

Question 17

Double blind study

Answer 17

When neither experimenter/participants know which group participants belong

Question 18

Central tendencies

Answer 18

A statistic that identifies a single value as representative of the entire distribution of data
May be measured in mean, median, and mode

Question 19

Mean

Answer 19

arithmetic average of the scores in the data set

Question 20

Median

Answer 20

Middle score when the data is ordered by size

Question 21

Mode

Answer 21

Most frequently occurring score in data set

Question 22

Positive/negative correlations/causations

Answer 22

Positive: direct relationship (independent/dependent variables move together in same direction)
Negative: inverse relationship (as one increases, the other decreases and vice versa)

Question 23

Validity of an experiment

Answer 23

If it measures what it intended to measure
Internal validity: likelihood that differences in dependent variable are caused by independent variable rather that some other factor depends on how well methodology controls factors other than independent variable
External validity: ability to generalize results of a study to a wider population

Question 24

Replicability

Answer 24

Measure of consistency
Is it repeatable?

Question 25

Random sample

Answer 25

Each member has an equal chance of inclusion
No pattern in process OR results in a pattern not being random