research

Question 1

Heisey and Adams

Answer 1

• Heisey and Adams studies (1993)
  
  • showing compliance in cat model
  • skull bones moved with force from outside and inside
  • 30-70 microns of lateral movement at the sagittal
  • suture
  • 250 microns of rotational movement at the parietal
  • bones

Question 2

Frymann Study

Answer 2

Frymann Study (1971)

– 1. Measured motion of the human skull

– 2. Pick mounted on the parietal bones

– 3. Found rhythm of bones which varied with subjects

– 4. In most cases, rhythm not synchronized with

breathing

– 5. Problems with pick-offs and artifacts

Question 3

A. Zanakis and colleagues

Answer 3

A. Zanakis and colleagues (1995)

B. Recording device
– 1. Used infrared device
– 2. Measured to 10 microns
– 3. Computer canceled out common movement between markers

D. Recorded most data from parietals with reference at bregma

E. Data

– 1. Average movements independent of breathing or heart

rate about 7 per minute

– 2. Sometimes fairly symmetrical

– 3. Sometimes very asymmetrical

– 4. Amplitudes of from 0 to 400 microns of motion;

usually 100-200 microns

F. Palpators could accurately detect movements shown by system

G. Amplitude usually increased with palpation

Question 4

Upledger study in 1977, Moran and Gibbons

Answer 4

Interexaminer reliability

Few studies (see Norton abstract) but generally

show better IR with experienced examiners

– Upledger study in 1977

– Moran and Gibbons (Melbourne, Australia)

Showed poor interexaminer reliability in simultaneous

palpation of head and sacrum

No statistical difference between of CRI rates in simultaneous

palpation of head and sacrum

Question 5

Kenneth Nelson, D.O.

Answer 5

Kenneth Nelson, D.O. et al
– JAOA June 2006
– Inter-examiner reliability is impossible to establish due to:

• Irregularity of palpation records, perceived still points, and frequency modulation of CRI of 20%

– Noted the inconsistency between palpation and instrument measurements is explained by the observation that clinicians correlated flexion with one

TH oscillation and extension with one oscillation • Therefore the palpated CRI to recorded ratio is 1:2

Question 6

Moskalenko

Answer 6

Moskalenko (1999 and 2001)
– In healthy people found continuous changes in cranial dimensions (frontal and saggital sections) with biphasic characteristics using 2-channel bioimpedence imaging (Mean amplitude-.38 mm)

Also described cranial volume changes (12-15 ml of intracranial pressure). Found a rate of 6-14 cycles/min

– Descibes interaction between intracranial hemodynamics and CSF circulation
• Rate of 6-12 cycles/min
• Intracranial origin of bioimpedence related to blood supply and oxygen consumption of cerebral tissue

Question 7

Greenblatt, J, Sandhouse,M,

Answer 7

Greenblatt, J, Sandhouse,M, et al.

• ‘The effects of cranial manipulation on visual function: a pilot study’
• Differences in distance visual acuity and vergence
  
  • recovery (p<0.10)
• Concluded that visual changes could be affected in adult with cranial but need larger study to validate results since not statistically significant

Question 8

Kenneth Nelson, D.O. (2)

Answer 8

• Kenneth Nelson, D.O.
  
  • Traube-Hering-Meyer ocsillations correlated highly with CRI
  • Used laser doppler flowmetry
  • Rate of 5-10 cycles/min
  • Felt the CRI occurs simultaneously but may
  • represent a different phenomenon