research

Question 1

Triangulation

Answer 1

multiple data sources

Question 2

Saturation

Answer 2

no new concepts are arising during data analysis

Question 3

Hermeneutic

Answer 3

Interpretation of human phenomena

Question 4

5 criteria for trustworthiness

Answer 4

Credibility: confidence in the “truth” of the data and its interpretations

Dependability: reliability of data over time and conditions

Confirmability: data represent the information participants provided, interpretation is sound

Transferability: extent to which findings can be transferred to other settings/groups

Authenticity: fairly shows a range of realities; reader develops heightened sensitivity

Question 5

Phenomenology

Answer 5

To describe experience as it is lived; the essence of an experience
The focus is on writing in such a way that the essence of an experience is revealed
A process of reading, reflecting and writing
The writing is often evocative, poetic and is used to evoke understanding

“What is the experience of nurses who are caring for a dying patient?”

Question 6

Ethology:

Ecologic psychology:

Ethnomethodology:

Symbolic Interaction:

Discourse analysis:

Answer 6

Ethology: study of human behavior as it evolves (Lord of the Flies)

Ecologic psychology: influence of environment on human behavior (Lost)

Ethnomethodology: how people make sense of their everyday activities

Symbolic Interaction: how people make sense of social interactions and interpretations attached to social symbols (hashtags?)

Discourse analysis: rules, mechanisms and structure of conversation/text

Question 7

Ethnography

Answer 7

Focuses on describing culture or the “cultural scene” (culture can be small group culture too)
Ethnographic work is always contextual
There are many types of ethnography (classical, systematic, interpretive, critical, focused etc….)
Key elements of ethnography:
fieldwork (participant observation; immersion in the field), focus on culture (norms, values, beliefs, practices, rules)

“What are the beliefs and practices around marijuana use among teens?”

Question 8

Grounded Theory

Answer 8

Explores social or psychological processes/method for the study of phenomena

conceptualization is key for the main concern or problem

Based on symbolic interactionist approach (people behave based on ways they interpret symbols and experiences)
Builds a theory about a process
Uses inductive and deductive approaches
Constant comparative analysis
Theoretical sampling

“What is the process of adjustment following heart attack?”

Question 9

Participatory Action Research

Answer 9

Action Research
Lewin: production of knowledge can be political and used to exert power
PAR researchers work with vulnerable groups
Collaborate to identify areas of research
Use knowledge (findings) to empower

Question 10

three core principles

Answer 10

Respect for Persons

Concern for Welfare

Justice

Question 11

Research questions

Answer 11

The specific queries the researcher wants to answer in addressing the research problem

Question 12

Hypotheses

Answer 12

The researcher’s predictions about relationships among variables

Question 13

Statement of purpose

Research aims or objectives

Answer 13

The researcher’s summary of the overall study goal

The specific accomplishments to be achieved by conducting the study

Question 14

paradigm =

4 types

Answer 14

world view of looking at something

post positive - quqntitative
constructivisist - qualitative
transformative - both
pragmatic - both

Question 15

theories

models

framework

Answer 15

 Theories
 Abstract generalization that offers a systematic
explanation of something
 E.g., theory of planned behaviour, health belief
theory, stress and coping theory

 Models
 Less formal – haven’t identified relationships
fully (yet)

 Frameworks
 Overall conceptual underpinnings of study
 Theoretical framework
 Conceptual framework

Question 16

3 eg of qualitative studies

Answer 16

Grounded theory: process
questions

 Phenomenology: meaning
questions

 Ethnography: cultural description
questions

Question 17

Directional hypothesis

Nondirectional hypothesis

Answer 17

Directional hypothesis
Predicts the direction of a relationship

Nondirectional hypothesis
Predicts the existence of a relationship, not its
direction

Question 18

Research hypothesis

Statistical or null hypothesis

Answer 18

Research hypothesis
States the actual prediction of a relationship

Statistical or null hypothesis
Expresses the absence of

Question 19

3 Ethical Principles

Answer 19

Respect for Persons
Informed consent
autonomy

Concern for Welfare
Risks and benefits

Justice
Offered to all
No imbalance of power

Question 20

5 components of consents

Answer 20

 Disclosure
 Understanding
 Voluntariness
 Competence
 Consent

Question 21

3 hallmark of experimental design

Answer 21

manipulation

control group

randomization

Question 22

Quasi-experimental Study Design

Answer 22

 Many different designs
 No randomization
 Often no control group

Question 23

eg of non experimental study

Answer 23

observational - case study, cohort

descriptive - correlational

Question 24

cohort study

Answer 24

observational, follow up studies

usually prospective, looking at disease

Question 25

case study

Answer 25

observational, looking at history and data history | case study design - usually retrospective

Question 26

non probability sampling

Answer 26

Convenience Snowball: Potential for bias because of location/access Quota: Identify strata and determine how many participants from each stratum. Consecutive: Every person during a specific time frame Purposive: Choose participants based on characteristics that reflect theoretical foundations of study Strengths and Weaknesses of non-probability sampling Convenient and less expensive Rarely representative, will likely miss out on some members Emphasis on internal vs. external study validity

Question 27

probabiblity sampling

Answer 27

Simple random: Create a sampling ‘frame’ (list with numbers assigned to each potential ‘recruit’); Pick random numbers from frame Stratified random: Enhances representativeness by ensuring that there is a sample from each identified strata Cluster: Random sample of clusters then random sample of individuals Systematic: Every “kth” person Strengths and Weaknesses of Probability Sampling Stronger than nonprobability sampling Expensive, may not be practical May be too narrow – “My patients are the ones where were excluded from the RCT”