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Safety, Protection, Research.... > Research > Flashcards

Research Flashcards

1
Q

A systematic review that uses a statistical technique to derive an estimate of effect size by combining the result of several randomized controlled trials to determine the overall effectiveness of treatment

A

Meta analysis 1st

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2
Q

Experimental research method used to assess the relative effect of a specific intervention compared to a controlled condition

A

Randomized controlled trial- 2nd

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3
Q

A type of longitudinal, observational study in which individuals with a risk factor or exposure or followed overtime to compare the occurrence of a disease in the expose group to that of a group of unexposed individuals. Limitations include excessive length and the influence of other lifestyle variables

A

Cohort study- 3rd

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4
Q

A type of retrospective, observational study in which individuals who already have a particular disease or mashed with a comparison group of individuals without the disease

A

Case control study- 4th

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5
Q

An observational study that aims to describe relationships between a disease or condition and factors of interest that exist in the specified population at a given time. The studies can describe the prevalence of disease or conditions and demonstrate associations

A

Cross-sectional study- 5th

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6
Q

These descriptions may be used to generate theories and hypotheses for future research. However they cannot test hypothesis or establish cause-and-effect relationships

A

Case reports

Case series- case reports- opinion/ideas

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7
Q

Data that can assume any value along a continuous scale the covers a range of values without gaps or interruptions examples are weight distance range of motion

A

Continuous data

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8
Q

Data that is measured in whole units ie hr, number of pt visits

A

Discrete data

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9
Q

A type of discrete data limited to only two values is gender , smoker or non smoker

A

Dichotomous data

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10
Q

A measurement scale where there is no true zero point

A

Interval

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11
Q

A measurement scale where did intervals between adjacent values equal and there is a true zero point

A

Ratio

Rom, distance walked, velocity

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12
Q

The degree to which a measurement appears to test what it is supported to

A

Face validity

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13
Q

Tube McGill pain questionnaire may have greater _________ than a visual analogue scale because, in addition to pain intensity, it assesses the location, quality, and duration of pain

A

Content validity

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14
Q

MMT scares would have _________ as indicators of innervation status of muscle if there was a relationship between MMT scores and the results of EMG testing

A

Construct validity

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15
Q

A form of criterion related validity in which an interpretation is justified by comparing a measurement to a gold standard measurement

A

Concurrent validity

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16
Q

A form of criterion related validity in which the measurement is considered to be valid because it is predicted of a future behavior or event

A

Predictive validity

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17
Q

The sampling method often relies on a table of random numbers or a random number generator

A

Simple random sampling

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18
Q

Subjects are selected by taking every nth subject from the population

A

Systemic sampling

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19
Q

The population is divided into homogenous subgroups (strata) and then a simple random sample is drawn from each

A

Stratified random sampling

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20
Q

The population is divided into clusters or areas and a random sample of the clusters is selected

A

Cluster sampling

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21
Q

The intervention / condition is what variable

A

Independent

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22
Q

The outcome or response is what Variable?

A

Dependent variable

23
Q

A type of research design where the subject receives both treatment and control in random order separated by a period of no treatment. Subject serves as their own control

A

Cross Over design

24
Q

A type of research design in which two or more independent variables are investigated with different subjects assigned to the various combinations of levels of the independent variables

A

Factorial design

25
Q

A type of research design in which subjects are tested under all conditions, therefore, each person acts as their own control.

A

Repeated measures design

26
Q

A type of research design in which the data are analyzed as they become available so the trail can be stopped as soon as the evidence is sufficient to show a significant difference between treatments

A

Sequential clinical trail

27
Q

A type of research design without a control group

A

Quasi-experimental design

28
Q

An untreated subject experiences a change simply from participating in a research study

A

Hawthorne effect

29
Q

A phenomenon in which an inactive treatment or procedure that is intended to mimic a real treatment causes an improvement in the pt’s condition simply because the pt has the expectation that it will help

A

Placebo effect

30
Q

If the p value is less than or equal to the level of significance what should the researcher do

A

Reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternate hypothesis

31
Q

A false positive finding… Researcher rejects the null hypothesis concluding that there is a difference or relationship when there actually IS NOT

A

Type I error

32
Q

A false negative finding when he researcher accepts a null hypothesis, concluding there is no difference or relationship when there actually IS

A

Type II error

33
Q

A type of graph used to show the magnitude or frequency of categories of the data

A

Bar graph

34
Q

A type of graph that illustrates the distribution of values within a group through five numbers: minimum score, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum score.

A

Box and whiskers plot

35
Q

Type a graph used in a meta-analysis that shows the results of the individual studies as well as a cumulative summary of all studies. The width of a horizontal line represents the upper and lower confidence limits

A

Forest plot

36
Q

A graphical display of a frequency distribution. These graphs display the distribution of data by plotting the frequency on the Y axis for each interval represented on the X axis

A

Histogram

37
Q

The demonstrates the relationship between two or more quantitative variables. The dependent variable is typically on the Y axis

A

Line graph

38
Q

A graphical display that illustrates the relationship between two quantitative variables. Each pair XY value is plotted on the graph as a single point

A

Scatter plot

39
Q

A graphical display which enables the reader to observe the entire distribution of data without losing any information. Most commonly this is done by organizing data into categories and then dividing into two digits

A

Stem and leaf plots

40
Q

Approximately _____ percent of all values fall within one SD above and below the mean?

A

68

41
Q

Approximately _____ percent of all values fall within two SD above and below the mean?

A

95

42
Q

Approximately _____ percent of all values fall within three SD above and below the mean?

A

99

43
Q

A distribution with a _____ kurtosis has a sharper peak and longer, fatter tails, while a _____ kurtosis distribution has a more rounded peak and shorter, thinner tails.

A

High

Low

44
Q

A ______ skewed distribution is when the mean and median are to the left of the mode and the left tail is elongated.

A

Negatively skewed distribution

45
Q

A ratio of the SD of a distribution to the mean, expressed as a percentage

A

Coefficient of variance

46
Q

A descriptive measure of the spread or dispersion of data

A

Standard deviation

47
Q

A Relative Risk (RR) of .8 means

A

RR of less than one means that exposure to whatever decreases the risk

48
Q

A measure used in studies to find out if being exposed to a certain substance or other risk factor increases the risk of developing a certain disease

A

Odds ratio (OR)

49
Q

What is the ideal Number Needed to Treat

A

1- everyone improves with treatment

The higher the NNT- the less effective the treatment is

50
Q

Leant ing that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly preceded by a neutral stimulus ( bell)

A

Classical conditioning

51
Q

What is used to test hypotheses and to make inferences from the sample to the population

A

Inferential statistics

52
Q

These two are examples of parametric inferential statistics used to test the significance of the differences in two or more means

A

The t-test and analysis of variance

53
Q

A comprehensive review of medical literature that uses explicit methods to systematically search identified appraisal and summarize all research and literature on a specific issue?

A

Systematic review- 1st

54
Q

If 100 pt how don’t have the disease take a diagnostic test and 43 test positive, the test is considered 43% _______?

A

Sensitive

Safety, Protection, Research.... (3 decks)

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