Research Flashcards
Independent Variable
something that is manipulated by the researcher
Variables
something that has more than one possible value
- types: independent, dependent, confounding
Dependent Variable
something that is affected by change
Confounding Variable
a variable that affects research that hasn’t been accounted for in the research
Hypothesis
an educated guess; a prediction about an outcome
Random
having independent and equal chance of selection
Reliability
getting the same results consistently
Validity
accuracy
If something is not reliable, can it be valid?
NO
If something is valid, can it be reliable?
YES
Research Designs
how experiments are set up
- types: descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, experimental
Descriptive Research Design
describes some phenomenon
- types: case studies and qualitative studies
Case Study
type of descriptive research design where on unique bounded system is studied
- ex: an individual, a household
Qualitative Study
type of descriptive research design that studies description of qualities
Correlational Research Design
studying the relationship between two groups
- types: cross-sectional and longitudinal
Cross-Sectional Study
type of correlational study that compares people at different points in life
- ex: 10 yo, 20 yo, and 30 yo
Longitudinal Study
type of correlational study that follows the same group of people over a long period of time
Quasi-Experimental
research design where the researcher aims to find a causal relationship between two variables without randomization
Experimental
research design where the researcher has full control of manipulation
Research Methods
ways to collect data
- types: observations, surveys/questionnaires, exams/tests
Observations
a type of research method that provides behavior of participants
- disadvantages: misinterpretations, articial behaviors
- types: naturalistic and lab
Naturalistic Observation
researcher goes to the setting of the participant to collect data
Lab Observation
participants goes to the researcher for data collection
Surveys/Questionnaires
a type of research method that gets opinions of participants
- disadvantages: limited responses, untruthful
- types: self-administered, interview, focus groups
Self-Administered Survey/Questionnaire
individual completes on their own
Interview Survey/Questionnaire
researcher is reading questions and recording answers
Focus Group Survey/Questionnaire
group interview style where the researcher asks questions and their are multiple participants present to provide answers
Exam/Test
a type of research method that is a measurement of the participants knowledge
- disadvantages: does not perfectly capture knowledge, test anxiety
4 Protections of Participants in Ethics
- do no harm
- consent
- confidentiality
- data security
What event caused an ethical issue for research?
Nuremberg Trials
- people has mistreated others
- caused the standards for ethics that we have today
Describe “do no harm”
do what you can to prevent the individuals from harm
Describe “consent”
informed permission; must be aware of the risks
Describe “confidentiality”
no one outside of the experimental conditions knows who was in the study and what information they shared
Describe “data security”
information shared within research is protected
How do accuracy and interpretations impact ethics?
researchers must make sure the information is accurate and interpreted appropriately
- must be sure if you’re making any type of claim
