Research Flashcards
Believing your own perception of the world is exactly how it actually is
Naïve Realism
Only looking for information that confirms your own beliefs
Confirmation Bias
Using one case to make general assumptions about the rest of a group
Pluralism of Anecdote
Believing you predicted an outcome; “I knew it all along!”
Hindsight Bias
Being overly confident in your own abilities
Dunning Kruger Effect
The examination of an individual, can be fruitful, but does not allow for generalization
Case Study
Observing behavior in a natural environment, you can only describe your own observations, can be very revealing because participants are random and do not know they are being analyzed
Naturalistic Study
When two traits being studied are related to each other
Correlation
Two variables increase and decrease together
Positive Correlation
One variable increases or deceases and the other variable does the opposite
Negative Correlation
Perceiving a pattern that does not actually exist
Illusory Correlation
One causative variable is manipulated to determine its effects
Experimental Study
The variable in an experimental study that is measured and the sample is random
Dependent Variable
Study in which one group cannot be randomly sampled, specific people must be chosen (ex: those with a certain condition)
Pseudo Experiment
Case in which doctors sampled a woman’s cancer cells, keeping some in to continue their study without her knowledge or consent. Although their research led to massive breakthroughs, neither her nor her family made any profit.
Henrietta Lacks
A study done by several doctors during the Jim Crow Era in which 399 Black Men with Syphilis were studied without the knowledge of their condition or access to a cure
Tuskegee Study
First Ethic in Research: Participation must be voluntary and participants must know the purpose, activity, duration, potential risks + benefits, and rights
Informed Consent
Second Ethic in Research: At the end of a study, participants must be fully informed of any deception, findings, purpose, and right to withdraw information
Right to Full Information
Third Ethic of Research: Participants’ data is not shared without their consent, or it is shared anonymously
Confidentiality
The average in a set of scores, prone to distortion when the information is not symmetrical
Mean
The middle score in a set, useful for looking at skewed distributions
Median
The most frequent response in a set, used for considering categorical data such as race or gender
Mode
The difference between the highest and lowest score in a set, measure of variation
Range
Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score, measure of variation
Standard Deviation
Most sets fall into this graph
Bell Curve
Graph with hump on the right side
Negatively Skewed Curve
Graph with hump on the left side
Positively Skewed Curve
When there is no difference between study groups (H0)
Null Hypothesis
When there are differences between study groups (H1)
Experimental Hypothesis
Threshold used for judging if differences in groups are significant
P Value
