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microbiology dr anna > Requirements for microbial growth – Part 2 > Flashcards

Requirements for microbial growth – Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what do microbes need to make new cell material

A

carbon

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2
Q

what do microbes need for growth

A

an energy source

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3
Q

where do phototrophs get their energy from

A

from the light

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4
Q

where do chemotrophs get their energy from

A

obtain energy from oxidation & reduction of chemicals

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5
Q

Chemoorganotrophs?

A

organic chemicals

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6
Q

Chemolithotrophs?

A

inorganic chemicals

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7
Q

what do autotrophs require

A

only c02 as a carbon source

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8
Q

what do hetrotrophs require

A

require organic forms of carbon

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9
Q

what are the 4 nutritional categories of organisms

A

Photoautotrophs
Photoautotrophs
Chemolithoautotrophs
Chemolithoautotrophs

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10
Q

For chemotrophs, two mechanisms for energy generation & conservation are known:

A

Respiration & fermentation

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11
Q

what is fermentation?

A

anaerobic catabolism of organic compounds (generally carbohydrates

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12
Q

summarise fermentation?

A

Simple method of generating energy

Oxidation & reduction of organic chemicals

Absence of usable terminal electron acceptor

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13
Q

what is respiration?

A

anaerobic or aerobic catabolism

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14
Q

summarise respiration?

A

Generation of energy with terminal electron acceptor

Oxygen if aerobic respiration

Electron acceptor other than oxygen if anaerobic

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15
Q

what does glycolsis produce?

A

atp and reduces NAD to NADH

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16
Q

what does the krebs cycle produce

A

produces some ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation,

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17
Q

what happens in the ETC

A

the energy of the
electrons is used to
produce a great deal of
ATP by oxidative
phosphorylation

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18
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN FERMENTATION?

A

In fermentation, the pyruvic acid and the electrons carried by NADH from glycolysis are incorporated into fermentation end-products.

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19
Q

why is respiration more efficient that fermentation

A

Fermentative microbes grow slowly
A far higher yield of ATP is possible with respiration

20
Q

what is microbial nutrion about?

A

all about supplying cells with the chemical tools, or nutrients, that they need to make monomers

21
Q

in nature what does microbes use for nutrients for growth

A

host tissues/food

22
Q

Organic tissues & food have complex heterogeneous structures therefore their chemical properties vary widely
what does this result in?

A

the characteristics of tissue/food components dictates the microbial flora that may grow

23
Q

what enzymes act on what/

A

Amylases act on starches
Proteases act on proteins
Lipases act on lipids/fats

24
Q

what are macronutrients

A

Macronutrients – nutrients required in large amounts

25
Q

what are micronutrients

A

Micronutrients – nutrients required in trace amounts

26
Q

why is nitrogen important in cells

A

Integral component of proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids & cell wall

27
Q

where is nitrogen most abundant

A

forms but the bulk of available nitrogen is in inorganic form

28
Q

what is phosphrus used for>

A

required by the cell primarily for the synthesis of nucleic acids & phospholipids

inorganic phosphates (PO43-)

29
Q

what is sulphur used for?

A

structural role in the amino acids cysteine & methionine & present in vitamins (e.g. thiamine & biotin) & coenzyme A

(sulphate (SO42−), sulphide (HS−)
)w

30
Q

what is potassium used for?

A

required by all organisms as many enzymes require potassium for activity

various K salts or K+ in solution

31
Q

what is magnesium used for?

A

functions to stabilise ribosomes, membranes & nucleic acids

32
Q

what is calcium used for?

A

helps stabilise cell walls & plays a key role in the heat stability of endospores

33
Q

what is sodium used for?

A

– required by some but not all microbes. Typically a reflection of the habitat

34
Q

what is the role of iron?

A

Plays major role in cellular respiration

35
Q

what does iron form under anoxix conditions?

A

generally ferrous (Fe2+) form & soluble

36
Q

what does iron form under oxic conditions

A

generally ferric (Fe3+) form in insoluble minerals

37
Q

what does iron also produce?

A

produce siderophores (iron-binding agents) to obtain iron from insoluble mineral form & from animal iron-binding proteins

38
Q

what does a poor iron environment mean to some bacteria

A

requires certain bacteria to express siderophores for survival (e.g. aquachelin)

39
Q

what do trace elements play a role in?

A

components of enzymes or as vitamin cofactors

40
Q

what micronutrietns called/

A

called trace elements because they are only required in tiny or trace amounts

41
Q

what are growth factors

A

Growth factors – organic compounds needed in relatively small amounts by certain organism (requirements vary)

42
Q

what are some examples of growth factors?

A

Vitamins – function as coenyzmes. Most commonly required growth factors

Amino acids – for synthesis of proteins

Purines & pyrimidines – for synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

43
Q

what are some psychical requirements for microbial growth

A

Temperature
pH
Osmotic effects
Oxygen
Pressure

44
Q

what are some chemical requirements for microbial growth

A

Macronutrients
Micronutrients (trace elements)
Growth factors

45
Q
A

microbiology dr anna (4 decks)

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