Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

What set of traits allowed the evolution of a tetrapod without the dependence on water? What are these vertebrates called?

A
  • egg with a shell impermeable to water
    These reduced water loss:
  • skin that is impermeable to water
  • kidneys that could excrete concentrated urine
    These are called amniotes (after the egg they produce)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are amniotes eggs like?

A

Leathery or have calcium shell
This prevents evaporation, but allows O2 and CO2 to diffuse
Contain a lot of yolk allowing the embryo to become relatively advanced before hatching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 extra embryonic membranes in amniote eggs?

A

Amnion - surrounds embryo itself
Yolk sac - surrounds yolk
Chorion -surrounds embryo and yolk sac
Allantois - evolved to store nitrogenous waste and aid gas exchange between embryo and egg surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main groups of the reptilia?

A
  • Synapsids (mammal like, including ancestors of mammals)

- sauropsids (lizard like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 types of sauropsids?

A
Anapsids
- testudines
Dispsids
- archosaurs (dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds)
- lepidosaurs (lizards, snakes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is anapsid synapsid or diapsid?

A

Relates to number of temporal fenestra

  • anapsid (no holes) testudines
  • synapsid (one hole) mammals
  • diapsid (two holes) dinosaurs, lizards snakes crocs birds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the early amniote lineage that diversified 360-290mya?

A

Reptiles (not actually a class, a paraphyletic group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is ovo-viviparity?

A

When the egg doesn’t have a shell and is kept inside the females body until they hatch, some reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is reptiles skin covered in?

A

Ketatinised scales that reduce water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the new finding about the origins of mammals and reptiles?

A

They are sister groups, rather than mammals being derived from reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 subdivision of dinosauria?

A

Saurischians
-diplodocus
- velociraptor, trex birds
Ornithischians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are ornithischians called that?

A

Because their pelvis is bird like, but DID NOT give rise to the birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What lineage of the saurischians did birds evolve from?

A

Therapods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the archosaurs?

A

‘Old lizards’
Only extant group are crocodiles
Tropical and warm temperate environments
Most of time in water but build nests on land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the testudines?

A

Turtles, tortoises and terrapins

Shell - carapace (dorsal) and plastron (ventral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 groups of testudines?

A
Cryptodires
- tortoises turtles and terrapins
- retract head vertically 
Pleurodires
- matamata 
- retract head horizontally
17
Q

What is different about testudines vertebral column and ribs?

A

Fused to carapace

18
Q

Do testudines have diaphragm ventilation

19
Q

Where are testudines limb girdles

A

Inside shell

20
Q

What determines sex?

A

Temperature of brood, cool for males, warm for females

21
Q

What marine lineages of diapsid reptiles are there? (All extinct)

A

Plesiosaurs - ribbon reptiles

Ichthyosaurs - fish reptiles

22
Q

What are the terrestrial lineages?

A

Lepidosaurs (all living diapsid reptiles in this lineage)

  • squamata (lizards and snakes)
  • tuatara
23
Q

What are tuataras?

A

Sister group of lizards, 2 species, endemic to new Zealand

24
Q

What are included in the Squamata?

A

Lizards
Snakes
Amphisbaenians

25
What do snakes specialise in?
Locomotion Prey capture Swallowing
26
What ecological types of snakes are there?
Fossorial (burrowing) Epigean (soils surface) Aquatic
27
What are the consequences of diameter reduction
- left lung reduced or absent - gall bladder posterior to liver - right kidney anterior to left - gonads offset
28
What locomotory types in snakes are there?
- lateral undulation: S movement of body pushing against ground - rectilinear: movement of scales, only in straight line - concertina: S shape moves through body - side winding: allows snake to have little contact with hot sand
29
In what ways are snakes specialised for eating?
- skull with 8 flexible links - each side can move independent of the other - constriction - venom (all snakes)
30
What are the 4 morphologies of snake teeth
- aglyphous: ancestral, no specialisation, sharp backward pointing teeth - opisthotlyphous: bAck fanged, one or two enlarged teeth near rear of maxilla - proteroglyphous: hollow fangs on front of maxilla, permanently erect (so limit to length), short teeth behind - solenoglyphous: only teeth on maxilla are long hollow fangs, maxilla rotates to allow jaw closure