reptile stuff

Question 1

Infectious Stomatitis

Answer 1

infection and inflammation of the tissue lining the mouth

Question 2

Coccidial Organisms

Answer 2

A type of parasite. Several coccidial organisms have been reported to cause disease in reptiles

Question 3

Roundworms

Answer 3

parasite, cause stomach ulcers in severe infestations.

Question 4

hookworm

Answer 4

lives in the upper gastrointestinal tract and causes wounds at sites of attachment. Large swellings caused by the inflammatory response to this hookworm can cause intestinal obstruction.

Question 5

ascarids

Answer 5

Snakes infected with ascarids may regurgitate partially digested food or adult worms and may have no appetite. Infection may cause inflammatory swellings in the gastrointestinal tract. These swellings may abscess and perforate the intestine.

Question 6

Protozoal Diseases

Answer 6

Protozoa are single-celled organisms; some cause disease in animals.

Question 7

Entamoeba invadens

Answer 7

the most serious disease-causing protozoan of reptiles. Signs of infection are loss of appetite and weight, vomiting, mucus-containing or bloody diarrhea, and death. The disease may spread quickly in large snake collections.

Question 8

Cryptosporidiosis

Answer 8

infection caused by protozoa of various Cryptosporidium species. It can cause regurgitation, marked weight loss, and longterm weakness. In snakes, the organism affects the lining of the digestive tract, causing thickening of the stomach lining and loss of normal digestive motion of the stomach.
diagnosed with tests of the feces or regurgitated food or by biopsy of the stomach. Several treatments have been suggested, but most do not work consistently.

Question 9

diabetes mellitus

Answer 9

a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism) has been reported in turtles and tortoises. Signs of diabetes in these reptiles include glucose (a type of sugar) in the urine and abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 10

spectacle

Answer 10

a snakes eyecap

Question 11

Abnormal beak growth

Answer 11

This condition, which interferes with feeding, is often associated with poor nutrition
Calcium or vitamin D3 deficiency may cause the skull to become distorted as it develops.

Question 12

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism

Answer 12

type of MBD, the most common bone disease seen in pet reptiles. It is caused by a poor diet with the wrong ratio of calcium to phosphorus and a lack of vitamin D3 or poor husbandry (lack of ultraviolet B light, inadequate temperature control in the cage).

Question 13

Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism

Answer 13

A type of MBD, a kidney disorder that occur in adult reptiles. It is associated with high levels of phosphate and low levels of calcium in the blood, calcification (hardening) of soft tissues, and loss of calcium from bones.

Question 14

Stargazing

Answer 14

a sign of some nervous system disorders in snakes and other reptiles. Stargazing describes a twisting of the neck that makes the animal appear to look upward (toward the stars). Other signs of nervous system disorders include mental dullness, abnormal posture, seizures, and inability to move normally. One of the most common causes of stargazing in boa constrictors and pythons is inclusion body disease, which is caused by a viral infection.

Question 15

Visceral gout

Answer 15

affects the organs

Question 16

Articular gout

Answer 16

effects joints

Question 17

respritory infections

Answer 17

caused by parasites of the respiratory system or the whole body, unfavorable environmental temperatures, unsanitary conditions, other diseases, malnutrition, and vitamin A deficiency. Open-mouth breathing, discharge from the nose, and difficulty breathing are frequent signs.

Question 18

Paramyxovirus

Answer 18

more common in vipers than other snakes but have also been reported in nonvenomous snakes. This highly contagious virus most often causes respiratory system problems. Secondary bacterial infections are common, and affected animals may have discharge from the nose, open-mouth breathing, dried pus in the mouth, and labored breathing.

Question 19

Dystocia

Answer 19

egg retention

Question 20

Vent Prolapse

Answer 20

Several organs, including the cloaca, colon, oviduct, hemipenes/phallus, and (if present) bladder may prolapse through the vent of reptiles. Common causes include dystocia, breeding trauma, inflammation of the cloaca, infections, metabolic disease, bladder stones, kidney disease, cancer, or any space-occupying mass within the abdomen that causes straining to defecate.

Question 21

Abscesses

Answer 21

pus-filled sores, often accompanied by inflammation, that are usually caused by bacterial infection. They are seen in all orders of reptiles. Abscesses are often caused by bite wounds, other injuries, or poor environmental conditions. Abscesses under the skin appear as small lumps or swellings. Other conditions that may look like abscesses are parasitic infections, tumors, and hematomas (swellings filled with blood).

Question 22

Dermatophytosis

Answer 22

fungal infection of the skin or nails, has been described in all reptiles. In most cases, an injury to the skin provides a point of entry for the fungus.

Question 23

Dysecdysis

Answer 23

incomplete or abnormal shedding of the skin. Low humidity, skin parasites, nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, lack of suitable abrasive surfaces, and decreased thyroid function may contribute to an abnormal shed.

Question 24

ulcerative or necrotic dermatitis

Answer 24

Scale rot, Humidity and unclean environments appear to be the main factors that cause this condition. Moist, contaminated bedding allows bacteria and fungi to multiply. Treatment with antibiotics and excellent hygiene

Question 25

Septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD)

Answer 25

a bacterial infection of aquatic turtles. The disease causes pitting of scutes on the shell.

Question 26

Crustacean Bacteremia

Answer 26

caused by Beneckea chitinovora, a bacterium commonly found in crustaceans. Reddening, pitting, and ulcers of the shell are seen.

Question 27

Flagellates

Answer 27

(a type of protozoal microorganism), especially Hexamita species, can cause urinary tract disease in turtles and tortoises and intestinal disease in snakes.

Question 28

Inclusion Body Disease

Answer 28

Boa constrictors and several species of pythons are most commonly affected by inclusion body disease, which is caused by a retrovirus or arenavirus.

Question 29

Infectious Cloacitis

Answer 29

Infection of the cloaca (the passage for both urine and feces in reptiles) can be caused by kidney stones or other hard accumulations in the lower intestine, urinary tract, or reproductive passages.

Question 30

trematodes

Answer 30

Disease-causing flatworms

Question 31

Tapeworms

Answer 31

are found in all orders of reptiles but are rare in crocodilians.

Question 32

spirurid worm (Dracunculus species)

Answer 32

cause skin sores

Question 33

pentastomes

Answer 33

tongue worms, may ir may not cause disease

Question 34

oviduct

Answer 34

the tube that connects the ovary to the cloaca, the chamber where eggs exit the body

Question 35

caudal autonomy

Answer 35

when a lizard can drop its tail