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REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | CYTOGEN FINALS > REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Flashcards

1
Q

When the savior child is born, its umbilical cord blood can be saved as a source of stem cells for the patient in need of a transplant.

A

SAVIOR SIBLING

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2
Q

inability to conceive a child after a year of frequent sexual intercourse without the use of contraceptives.

A

INFERTILITY

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3
Q
  • delay in conceiving. A possibility of conceiving naturally exists, but takes
    longer than average.
A

SUBFERTILITY

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4
Q

What age does menopause starts?

A

age 51

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5
Q

MALE INFERTILITY
- man has low sperm count (fewer than the average 15-200 million sperm cells per mL of ejaculate).

A

OLIGOSPERMIA

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6
Q

causes: hormonal imbalance; man’s IgA antibodies that cover the sperm; varicose vein in the scrotum.

A

OLINGOSPERMIA

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7
Q

MALE INFERTILITY
- Has no measurable sperm in a man’s ejaculate (semen).

A

Azoospermia

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8
Q

Causes: abnormalities in any part of the reproductive system.

A

FEMALE INFERTILITY

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9
Q
  • can stimulate ovulation, but can also cause women to “superovulate.”
A

FERTILITY DRUGS

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10
Q

commonly used drug, raises the chance of having twins from 1-2% to - 4-6%.

A

Clomiphene

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11
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (MAN)

A

Man is checked first.
✓ Sperm count
✓ Sperm motility
✓ Sperm morphology (*Performed by urologists)
◼ Y chromosome deletions associated with oligospermia -
genetic counselor.
◼ Unidentified cause of infertility - gynecologist checks the
woman to see that reproductive organs are present and
functioning.

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12
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation.

A

Ovulation testing

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13
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- detects abnormalities in the uterine cavity.

A

Hysterosalpingography

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14
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- determines the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation.

A

OVARIAN RESERVE TESTING

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15
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
➢ Pelvic Ultrasound: uterine/fallopian tube disease.
➢ Sonohysterogram (Saline Infusion Sonogram): used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a
regular ultrasound.

A

IMAGING TESTS

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16
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- involves collecting cells from your cervix.

A

PAP SMEAR

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17
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones.

A

OTHER HORMONE TESTING

18
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- may identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with
the ovaries and uterus.

A

LAPAROSCOPY

19
Q

INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- helps determine whether there’s a genetic defect causing infertility.

A

GENETIC TESTING

20
Q

A procedures that replace a gamete or provide a uterus to help people with fertility problems have children.

A

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)

21
Q
  • oldest ART (artificial insemination), a doctor places a donated spem into a woman’s cervix or uterus.
  • a woman might seek IUI using donor sperm:
    ✓ Her partner is infertile or has a mutation that the couple wishes to avoid passing to their child.
    ✓ To be a single parent without having sex.
    ✓ Lesbian couple to have a child.
A

INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI)

22
Q
  • surrogate mother agrees to bear a child for another woman who is incapable to conceive herself by being
    inseminated with the man’s sperm.
  • both genetic and gestational mother.
  • surrogate mother lends only her uterus, receiving a fertilized ovum conceived from a man and a woman
    who has healthy ovaries, but lack a functional uterus.
  • “embryo transfer to a host uterus.”
  • “gestational-only surrogate mother.”
A

SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD

23
Q
  • “fertilization in glass,” sperm and oocytes join in a laboratory dish.
  • a woman might undergo IVF if her ovaries and uterus work but her uterine tubes are blocked.
A

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)

24
Q
  • infertility treatment that injects a sperm cell nucleus into an oocyte.
  • helpful for men who have low sperm counts or many
  • makes fatherhood possible for men who cannot ejaculate.
A

INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION (ICSI)

24
Q

are used to prevent salts from building up or ice crystals from damaging delicate cell parts.

A

Cryoprotectant chemicals

25
Q
  • Sperm and oocytes are placed in a woman’s uterine tube
    a. Several of a woman’s uterine tube
    b. The man submits a sperm sample & the most active cells are separated from it.
    c. The collected oocytes & sperm are deposited together in the woman’s uterine tube (at a site past any obstruction that might otherwise block fertilization)
A

GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT)

26
Q
  • An ovum fertilized in vitro is placed in uterine tube
  • Allowing the fertilized ovum to make its own way to the uterus increases the chance that it will implant.
A

ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (ZIFT)

27
Q
  • oocytes can be stored (freezing).
  • reasons to freeze oocytes:
    ✓ Cancer treatment (radiation therapy or chemotherapy) that can harm oocytes and cause early menopause.
    ✓ Exposure to toxins or teratogens in the workplace.
    ✓ Disease of the ovaries.
    ✓ Premature ovarian failure, which may be due to XO syndrome or fragile X syndrome.
    ✓ Ovary removal to prevent ovarian cancer due to a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
    ✓ Inability to obtain viable sperm on the day of IVF.
    ✓ Extra oocytes remain after IVF.
    ✓ Donation
    ✓ Delaying motherhood for personal reasons.
A

OOCYTE BANKING & DONATION

28
Q
  • oocytes are frozen in liquid nitrogen at temperatures below ______ when they are at metaphase of the
    second meiotic division.
A

40 DEGREES CELCIUS

29
Q
  • chosen method by women who have no oocytes or wish to avoid passing on a mutation.
  • oocyte donors are typically younger women and some women become donors when they undergo IVF and have “extras.”
A

OOCYTE DONATION

29
Q
  • often teamed with IVF to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities before pregnancy starts.
    ➢ Diagnosis: if it detects a specific gene variant known to be in 1 or both parents-to-be.
    ➢ Screening: if it is used to construct a
    karyotype, without looking for a specific
    chromosomal anomaly.
    ➢ Preimplantation: embryo is tested at a stage prior to when it would naturally implant in the uterus.
  • errors happen when a somatic mutation affects the sampled cell but not the rest of the embryo.
A

PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)

30
Q
  • Maybe substitute for PGD & provides genetic information even earlier in development
  • Tests the DNA of a second polar body to infer the genotype of its associated fertilized ovum.
A

SEQUENTIAL POLAR BODY ANALYSIS

30
Q

-AKA surplus embryos
- Refer to embryos that are created during IVF/similar ARTs, but are not used for immediate transfer into the womans uterus.

A

EXTRA EMBRYOS

31
Q

Who establish the human genome project?

A

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH

31
Q
  • The complete set of genetic instructions in the cells of a particular type of organism.
A

GENOME

32
Q

It is the study of the genome

A

GENOMICS

32
Q

PRIMARY MISSION OF HGP

A
  1. To dicepher the sequence of the complete human genetic material (entire genome)
  2. To identify all genes contained within the genome
  3. Provide research tools to analyze all this genetic information
32
Q

An accurate & complete human genome sequence was finished & made available to scientists & researchers

A

2003

33
Q
  • 1st chromosome to be sequenced completely
A

CHROMOSOME 21

34
Q

Human genome is made of ___ billion bases of DNA

A

3.2

35
Q
  • Evaluates the status of all your genes at one time
  • Focus on the healthy as well as the ill, to better understand the disease.
A

PERSONAL GENOME SEQUENCING

REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | CYTOGEN FINALS (2 decks)

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