REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Flashcards
When the savior child is born, its umbilical cord blood can be saved as a source of stem cells for the patient in need of a transplant.
SAVIOR SIBLING
inability to conceive a child after a year of frequent sexual intercourse without the use of contraceptives.
INFERTILITY
- delay in conceiving. A possibility of conceiving naturally exists, but takes
longer than average.
SUBFERTILITY
What age does menopause starts?
age 51
MALE INFERTILITY
- man has low sperm count (fewer than the average 15-200 million sperm cells per mL of ejaculate).
OLIGOSPERMIA
causes: hormonal imbalance; man’s IgA antibodies that cover the sperm; varicose vein in the scrotum.
OLINGOSPERMIA
MALE INFERTILITY
- Has no measurable sperm in a man’s ejaculate (semen).
Azoospermia
Causes: abnormalities in any part of the reproductive system.
FEMALE INFERTILITY
- can stimulate ovulation, but can also cause women to “superovulate.”
FERTILITY DRUGS
commonly used drug, raises the chance of having twins from 1-2% to - 4-6%.
Clomiphene
INFERTILITY TESTS (MAN)
Man is checked first.
✓ Sperm count
✓ Sperm motility
✓ Sperm morphology (*Performed by urologists)
◼ Y chromosome deletions associated with oligospermia -
genetic counselor.
◼ Unidentified cause of infertility - gynecologist checks the
woman to see that reproductive organs are present and
functioning.
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation.
Ovulation testing
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- detects abnormalities in the uterine cavity.
Hysterosalpingography
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- determines the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation.
OVARIAN RESERVE TESTING
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
➢ Pelvic Ultrasound: uterine/fallopian tube disease.
➢ Sonohysterogram (Saline Infusion Sonogram): used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a
regular ultrasound.
IMAGING TESTS
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- involves collecting cells from your cervix.
PAP SMEAR
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones.
OTHER HORMONE TESTING
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- may identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with
the ovaries and uterus.
LAPAROSCOPY
INFERTILITY TESTS (FOR WOMEN)
- helps determine whether there’s a genetic defect causing infertility.
GENETIC TESTING
A procedures that replace a gamete or provide a uterus to help people with fertility problems have children.
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
- oldest ART (artificial insemination), a doctor places a donated spem into a woman’s cervix or uterus.
- a woman might seek IUI using donor sperm:
✓ Her partner is infertile or has a mutation that the couple wishes to avoid passing to their child.
✓ To be a single parent without having sex.
✓ Lesbian couple to have a child.
INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI)
- surrogate mother agrees to bear a child for another woman who is incapable to conceive herself by being
inseminated with the man’s sperm. - both genetic and gestational mother.
- surrogate mother lends only her uterus, receiving a fertilized ovum conceived from a man and a woman
who has healthy ovaries, but lack a functional uterus. - “embryo transfer to a host uterus.”
- “gestational-only surrogate mother.”
SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD
- “fertilization in glass,” sperm and oocytes join in a laboratory dish.
- a woman might undergo IVF if her ovaries and uterus work but her uterine tubes are blocked.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
- infertility treatment that injects a sperm cell nucleus into an oocyte.
- helpful for men who have low sperm counts or many
- makes fatherhood possible for men who cannot ejaculate.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION (ICSI)
are used to prevent salts from building up or ice crystals from damaging delicate cell parts.
Cryoprotectant chemicals
- Sperm and oocytes are placed in a woman’s uterine tube
a. Several of a woman’s uterine tube
b. The man submits a sperm sample & the most active cells are separated from it.
c. The collected oocytes & sperm are deposited together in the woman’s uterine tube (at a site past any obstruction that might otherwise block fertilization)
GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (GIFT)
- An ovum fertilized in vitro is placed in uterine tube
- Allowing the fertilized ovum to make its own way to the uterus increases the chance that it will implant.
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER (ZIFT)
- oocytes can be stored (freezing).
- reasons to freeze oocytes:
✓ Cancer treatment (radiation therapy or chemotherapy) that can harm oocytes and cause early menopause.
✓ Exposure to toxins or teratogens in the workplace.
✓ Disease of the ovaries.
✓ Premature ovarian failure, which may be due to XO syndrome or fragile X syndrome.
✓ Ovary removal to prevent ovarian cancer due to a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
✓ Inability to obtain viable sperm on the day of IVF.
✓ Extra oocytes remain after IVF.
✓ Donation
✓ Delaying motherhood for personal reasons.
OOCYTE BANKING & DONATION
- oocytes are frozen in liquid nitrogen at temperatures below ______ when they are at metaphase of the
second meiotic division.
40 DEGREES CELCIUS
- chosen method by women who have no oocytes or wish to avoid passing on a mutation.
- oocyte donors are typically younger women and some women become donors when they undergo IVF and have “extras.”
OOCYTE DONATION
- often teamed with IVF to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities before pregnancy starts.
➢ Diagnosis: if it detects a specific gene variant known to be in 1 or both parents-to-be.
➢ Screening: if it is used to construct a
karyotype, without looking for a specific
chromosomal anomaly.
➢ Preimplantation: embryo is tested at a stage prior to when it would naturally implant in the uterus. - errors happen when a somatic mutation affects the sampled cell but not the rest of the embryo.
PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)
- Maybe substitute for PGD & provides genetic information even earlier in development
- Tests the DNA of a second polar body to infer the genotype of its associated fertilized ovum.
SEQUENTIAL POLAR BODY ANALYSIS
-AKA surplus embryos
- Refer to embryos that are created during IVF/similar ARTs, but are not used for immediate transfer into the womans uterus.
EXTRA EMBRYOS
Who establish the human genome project?
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH
- The complete set of genetic instructions in the cells of a particular type of organism.
GENOME
It is the study of the genome
GENOMICS
PRIMARY MISSION OF HGP
- To dicepher the sequence of the complete human genetic material (entire genome)
- To identify all genes contained within the genome
- Provide research tools to analyze all this genetic information
An accurate & complete human genome sequence was finished & made available to scientists & researchers
2003
- 1st chromosome to be sequenced completely
CHROMOSOME 21
Human genome is made of ___ billion bases of DNA
3.2
- Evaluates the status of all your genes at one time
- Focus on the healthy as well as the ill, to better understand the disease.
PERSONAL GENOME SEQUENCING
