Reproductive Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Relevant Hx Taking - FEMALES
A
- HPI/ROS: Vaginal discharge: ask…
- How often
- Is it during/near menstrual time
- Color
- Odor
- Quantity
- Menstrual Hx: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Sxs
- DM: uncontrolled blood sugar ⇒ increases risk of vaginal yeast infection
- Hormonal contraception: IUDs, intrauterine devices, etc.
2
Q
Modifiable Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
A
- BMI: high BMI > low BMI
- Occupation: farmer, tire planter, painter
- Smoking
- Diet
- Sedentary lifestyle
3
Q
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer
A
- Age: older > younger
- Gender: men only
- Race/ethnicity: Black men > other races + lowest risk: Asian men in Asia
- Geography: sunlight
- Family/Personal Hx
4
Q
American Cancer Society Recommendations for Early Detection of Breast Cancer For Women w/ Av. Breast Cancer Risks
A
- 40 - 44 yo: Choice to start annual breast cancer screening w/ mammograms
- 45 - 54 yo: Mammograms annually
- 55+ yo:
- Recommendation to switch to mammograms every 2 yrs or continue annually
- Screening should continue as long as woman is in good health and expected to live ≥10 yrs
- If pt has one of more of risk factors listed = screening recommendations above aren’t enough
5
Q
US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations for Screening Mammography for Women w/ Av. Breast Cancer Risks
A
- 40 - 49 yo:
- Don’t screen routinely
- Individualize decision to screen every 2 yrs
- 50 - 74 yo: Screen every 2 yrs
- 75+ yo: none bc life expectancy is short and likely has no benefit if they’ll be passing soon
6
Q
American Cancer Society Recommendations for Cervical Cancer
A
- 21 yo: start cervical cancer testing
- 21 - 29 yo: Pap test every 3 yrs
- 30 - 65:
- Pap smear test every 3 yr
- HPV test every 5 yrs
- 65+ yo:
- If regular cervical cancer testing from past 10 yrs show normal results ⇒ don’t need further testing
- If Hx of serious cervical pre-cancer ⇒ continue testing for at least 20 yrs after diagnosis even if 65+ yo
- Uterus and Cervix removed/Total Hysterectomy (not bc of cervical cancer) pts:
- Still screen for HPV
- No need for cervical cancer screenings
- Vaccinated against HPV pts: still follow screening recommendations for their age group
- If cervical cancer found early ⇒ treated easily in noninvasive way
- If cervical cancer found late ⇒ serious morbidity and death
7
Q
ACS Prostate Cancer Screening
A
- If tested ⇒ get PSA blood test w/ or w/o rectal exam
- 50 yo: option to start screening
- African American or have FHx of Prostate Cancer before 65 yo: option to start screening at 45 yo
8
Q
Cervical Cancer
A
- HPV primary cause of cervical cancer: HPV can still cause other cancers like throat, vaginal, penile, rectal
- Tx: Vax recommended for 11 - 12 yo or >26 yo females and males before sexual activity begins preferably
- All vax given in series of 3 injections IM over 6 mo period
- All vax prevent infections w/ HPV types 16 & 18 (high-risk HPVs that cause cervical cancers and other HPV-associated cancers)
- 3 FDA approved vax to prevent most lethal HPV strains that cause cervical cancers: Gardasil (quadrivalent vax), Gardasil 9 (9-valent vax), Carvarix (for cross protection)
9
Q
Menarche
A
- What: first menstruation
- Often irregular and unpredictable for first 1-2 yrs after menarche
- Av onset age: 12 yo
- Norm onset age range: 9 - 15 yo
- Abnormal menarche ages: needs evaluation
- Before 9 yo: Possible causes: childhood obesity thought to be related to earlier age menarche or endocrine abnormalities
- After 15 yo: Possible causes: eating disorders, competitive athletes, endocrine abnormalities
10
Q
Menstruation
A
- What: shedding of uterine lining ⇒ bleeding
- Norm menstrual cycle:
- Every 21-35 days, common av is every 28 days
- 3 - 7 days duration
- Moderate flow
- Mild PMS Sxs
- Assessment questions:
- Frequency
- Duration
- Flow: Ask how often pt changes pad/tampon
- Heavy flow: changing every hr
- Associated Sxs
- When their Last menstrual period (LMP): first day of woman’s last menstrual cycle
11
Q
Menopause
A
- What: no menses for 12 or more months w/ no other biological or physiological explanation
- Av age of natural menopause: 51 yo
- Leads to: increases in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Benefits & Risks of HRT:
- Benefit: alleviates peri-menopausal Sxs like hot flashes
- Risks: increases risk for breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases ⇒ SO use at lowest effective dose for shortest period of time possible
12
Q
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
A
- What: just enlargement of prostate itself ⇒ can block ureter as it grows
- Not cancer or associated w/ it
- Very common
- May lead to urinary problems due to pressure placed on urethra from growing size
- S&S:
- Difficult urination
- “Dribbling”
- Incomplete emptying of bladder
- Nocturia
- Weak stream
- Incontinence
- Other Sxs similar to cancer (even though it’s not)
13
Q
Signs of STIs/STDs MEN
A
- Ulcers
- Penile discharge
- Abdominal pain
- Systemic Sxs: syphilis, HIV, hepatitis (all transmitted sexually)
14
Q
Signs of STIs/STDs WOMEN
A
- Ulcers
- Purulent vaginal discharge
- Abdominal/Pelvic pain
- Dyspareunia: painful intercourse
- Infertility: from pelvic inflammatory disorder
- Systemic Sxs: syphilis, HIV, hepatitis (all transmitted sexually)
15
Q
HPV (“Genital Warts”)
A
- not reportable STI, most common globally
- Endemic: affects 85% of ppl in lifetime
- Vaccines prevents most strains
- Often resolves spontaneously
- Can cause cancers
- S&S: usually asymptomatic
