Reproductive System Practicum 3 Flashcards
What are both types of cell division?
Mitosis and Meiosis
___ is the process by which ___ are produced
Meiosis, gametes
___ are sex cells; sperm and egg
Gametes
____ is the process by which most cells in the body divide, involves ___ round of cell division, and produces ____ cells.
Mitosis, a single, two identical diploid daughter
___ involves ____ rounds of cell division and produces ____ cells.
Meiosis, two, four non-identical haploid daughter
Humans have how many chromosomes?
46
Female chromosomes have:
22 pairs and XX
Male chromosomes have:
22 pairs and XY
Fertilized egg is called:
Zygote (46 chromosomes)
DIPLOID CELLS
2n, somatic (body cell, liver, skin) 46 chromosomes
HAPLOID CELLS
1n, Sperm and eggs, gametes (22 + X; or 22 + Y), 23 chromosomes
____ are organs that produce ___
Primary sex organs, gametes: testes or ovaries
_____ are essential for reproduction. In males this is ___ and females ____
Secondary sex organs, ducts + glands + penis that deliver sperm cells, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina that receive the sperm and nourish developing fetus
___ are features that develop at puberty to attract a mate. What are these features?
Secondary sex characteristics, pubic, axillary and facial hair, scent glands, body morphology and low voice for males
____ needs a cooler environment and sperm is not produced efficiently at body temp: ___
Scrotum, 37 celsius/ 95-97 F
Optimal temperature for spermatogenesis:
35-36 degrees celsius or 95-97 degrees F
Temperature regulation muscles and their function:
- Cremaster muscle: contracts in cold and relaxes at warm temp
- Dartos muscle: contracts in cold and relaxes at warm temp
- Pampiniform plexus: network of veins from testis that surrounds testicular artery in spermatic cord
Connective tissue with ductus deferens, blood/lymph vessels, and nerves:
Spermatic Cord
_____ drain into network called _____
Seminiferous tubules, rete testis
Low Blood pressure of testicular artery results in _____.
Sperm develop very ____ helping them survive the _____ environment of the female reproductive tract
Poor O2 supply, large mitochondria, hypoxic
_____ drain to the ____ in the testis
Testicular veins, inferior vena cava
What is the term for the formation of sperm
Spermatogenesis
Trace the path for the formation of sperm:
Spermatogonium (2n) –> Primary Spermatocyte –> Secondary Spermatocyte –> Spermatids –> Spermatozoa
The formation of sperm takes place in the ____
Seminiferous Tubules of the testes
Full ____ and _____ are not achieved until after ____
Maturation, motility, ejaculation
____ further prepare sperm for fertilization
Uterine tube fluids
In the male duct system The Prostate Gland is located:
Below bladder; 2 by 4 by cm
In the male duct system the Seminal Vesicles are located where and do what:
Posterior to bladder and empty into ampulla
In the male duct system the Bulbourethral Glands are located where and do what:
Near bulb of penis and empty into penile urethra, used as lubricating fluid
Components of Semen and what they do:
1 provide energy for sperm motility (seminal vesicle)
2 causes clotting when acted upon by enzymes (seminal vesicle)
3 convert fibrinogen to fibrin (prostate)
4 liquefies semen within 30 minutes
5 stimulate female peristaltic contractions (seminal vesicle and prostate)
6 is a base stabilizing sperm pH at 7.2 to 7.6
- Fructose
- Fibrinogen
- Clotting Enzymes
- Fibrinolysin
- Prostaglandins
- Spermine
Female Reproductive System Function:
Produce and deliver gametes, provide nutrition and room for fetal development, and give birth/nourish infant
What gland in the female perineum secretes mucus:
Bartholin’s Gland
Region between thighs bordered by coccyx, pubic symphysis, and ischial tuberosities. It contains orifices of urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems
the female perineum
What are the primary reproductive organs of the ovary?
Oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone
The uterine is known as what other terms
Fallopian tubes and Oviducts
Uterine length and lining:
10 cm long and is a muscular tube with ciliated cells
What are the major portions of the Uterine?
- near uterus, narrow
- middle portion
- flared distally with fimbriae
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
Uterine is enclosed in?
Superior margin of broad ligament (mesosalpinx)
Incomplete serous layer of the uterine wall
Perimetrium
Muscle layer of the uterine wall
Myometrium
Mucosal lining of cavity of the uterine wall
Endometrium
The _____ is a thick-walled, pear-shaped muscular chamber opening into ____ and tilted forward over the _____.
Openings into _____ in its two upper corners.
Uterus, vagina, urinary bladder, uterine tubes
Hormonal changes of the female reproductive tract cause _______ —> necrosis of the stratum functionalis & ____
Spiral artery vasoconstriction, menstrual flow
Ligaments in the female reproductive system attach to the _____
Pelvic Floor
Key Reproductive Function of Mammary Glands:
To produce and transport milk during hormonally regulated lactation
Breast Anatomy Facts:
- Mammary glands exist within breasts of both sexes but usually in function in females
- Adult female breasts more developed for pregnant and lactating
Typically begins within the cells of the lobules or ducts. If they spread to neighboring axillary lymph nodes, can be distributed throughout the body.
Breast Cancer
Parts of the female sexual cycle
- Ovarian Cycle
- Menstrual Cycle
Ovarian cycle phases:
- Follicular Phase
A. Menstrual phase
B. Preovulatory phase - Ovulation
- Postovulatory phase
A. Luteal Phase
B. Premenstrual phase
Menstrual Cycle Phases:
- Proliferative Phase (Postmenstrual)
- Secretory Phase
- Premenstrual Phase
- Menstruation
