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2.4 BRS Endocrinology > Reproductive System I > Flashcards

Reproductive System I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main parts of the male reproductive tract? (5)

A
  1. Testes —> produces sperm and repro hormones
  2. Epididymis —> stores sperm
  3. Seminal cord —> suspend testes
    - vas deferens —> sperm carried
  4. Seminal vesicles —> semen glands
  5. Penis —> erection and ejaculation of semen
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2
Q

What is the pathway of semen through the male reproductive tract?

A
  1. Testes - produces sperm
  2. Epididymis - stores sperm
  3. Vas deferens - carries to seminal vesicle
  4. Seminal vesicles - semen glands
  5. Urethra - tube in penis
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3
Q

What is the penis?

A

Male sexual organ that expels semen
- structure —> 2 corpora cavernosa
—> 1 corpora spongiosum
- innervation - erection —> PNS
- ejaculation —> SNS

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4
Q

What is seminal fluid? (5)

A

Body fluid containing sperm
- fructose —> nutrients for sperm
- citric acid
- bicarbonate
- fibrinogen
- fibrinolytic enzymes —> breakdown barriers in path
eg. cervical mucus

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5
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Cord suspending testes
- formation —> deep inguinal ring
- structures - testicular artery
- pampiniform plexus (veins)
- autonomic + genitofemoral nerves
- lymph vessels
- vas deferens

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6
Q

How does lymphatic drainage of the male reproductive system occur?

A

Lymph vessels in spermatic cord —> para-aortic lymph nodes

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7
Q

What is the structure of a testicle?

A

Outer layers:
- tunica vaginalis —> outermost
- tunica albuginea
- tunica vasculosa —> inner, around lobules

Inside:
- lobules - 300
—> 1-4 seminiferous tubules in each
- rete testes —> where lobules connect

To seminiferous vesicle:
- epididymis —> connects rete testes to vas deferens
- head, body, tail
- vas deferens - 40cm

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8
Q

What are the main parts of the female reproductive tract? (5)

A
  1. Ovaries —> produce ovum + repro hormones
    - inside peritoneal cavity
  2. Fallopian tubes —> connect ovaries to uterus
    - ampulla —> wider section
    - fertilisation occurs
    - cilia + spiral muscle
  3. Uterus —> where egg implants and develops
  4. Cervix —> connects vagina to uterus
    - mucus —> blocks sperm entry into uterus
    - superior —> sterile ∵ shedding, thick
    mucus, narrow os, pH<4.5
  5. Vagina —> passage between uterus and outside
    - non-sterile - lactobacillus vaginalis dec pH
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9
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

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10
Q

What is the structure of the uterus?

A

Layers:
- perimetrium —> outermost
- myometrium
- endometrium —> innermost
- sheds during menstruation ∵
vasoconstriction of arterioles

Support:
- tone of pelvic floor (levator ani, coccygeus)
- ligaments (broad, round, uterosacral)

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11
Q

How does lymphatic drainage of the female reproductive system occur? (2)

A

Ovaries —> para-aortic lymph nodes
Uterus/vagina —> illiac, scaral, aortic and inguinal
lymph nodes

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12
Q

What is an ectopic precnancy?

A

Egg implants and develops in fallopian tubes
- dangerous ∵ fallopian tube rupture leads to lots of
blood loss (fatal)
- remove pregnancy and affected fallopian tube

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13
Q

How are sperm produced throughout a male’s lifetime?

A

Puberty —> gametogenesis
Throughout life —> differentiation and self-renewal
of spermatogonia
—> males constantly fertile

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14
Q

How are ova produced throughout a female’s lifetime?

A

Before birth —> oogonia multiply to 6mn/ovary
—> form 1° oocytes in primodial follicles
—> oocytes meiosis halted in prophase
—> atresia = degeneration of some
primodial follicles
Birth —> 2mn/ovary
—> more atresia occurs
Puberty —> <0.5mn/ovary
Menopause —> 0 ova

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15
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ovaries?

A
  1. Oogenesis
  2. Reproductive hormone production
    • oestrogens —> oestradiol
      —> oestrone
      —> oestriol
    • progestogens —> progesterone
    • androgens —> testosterone
      —> androstenedione
      —> DHEA
    • relaxin
    • inhibin
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16
Q

What are the 2 functions of the testes?

A
  1. Spermatogenesis
  2. Reproductive hormone production
    • androgens —> testosterone
      —> dihydrotestosterone
      —> androstenedione
    • oestrogens —> oestradiol
      —> oestrone
    • inhibin
17
Q

What is the process of spermatogenesis?

A

In sertoli cells:
1. Spermatogonium (44XY) —> mitosis
2. 1° Spermatocytes (44XY) —> 1st meitoic division
3. 2° Spermatocytes (22X/Y) —> 2nd meitoic division
4. Spermatids (22X/Y) —> differentiation
5. Spermatozoa (22X/Y) - 1,500/sec
(many lost ∵ malformed)

18
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

Testicular cells for spermatogenesis (FSH-receptors)
Location:
- in seminiferous tubules —> development of sperm
from out to in lumen
- in tunica propria
Functions:
1. Sperm development
- movement to tubular lumen
- transfer nutrients from capillaries
- phagocytosis of damaged germ cells
2. Hormone synthesis
- inhibin —> dec FSH
- activin —> inc FSH
- AMH (anti-mullerian hormone)
- ABP (andogen-binding protein)

19
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

Testicular cells for hormone synthesis (LH-receptors)
Location:
- between seminiferous tubules

Functions:
1. Hormone synthesis (androgens)
- testosterone - can be aromatised to oestrogen
- androstenedione
- DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)
- can be aromatised to oestrogen
—> pale ∵ cholesterol-rich

20
Q

What are the 6 male reproductive hormones?

A

Androgens:
- testosterone
- dihydrotestosterone
- androstenedione

Oestrogens:
- oestradiol
- oestrone

Inhibin

21
Q

What are the 8 stages of folliculogenesis?

A
  1. Primordial follicle —> at birth
    - 1° oocyte
  2. Primary follicle - 1° oocyte
    inner granulosa cells
    outer theca cells
  3. Secondary follicle —> at menarche
    - antrum forms (fluid-filled)
    - FSH + LH receptors
  4. Mature follicle - due to LH surge
    - 2° oocyte
  5. 2° oocyte ruptures follicle —> liberated —> early
    corpus luteum left behind
  6. Corpus luteum - produces oestrogen and
    progesterone (∵ LH/HCG)
22
Q

What is the process of oogenesis?

A
  1. Oogonium (44XX) —> mitosis (2nd trimester)
  2. 1° Oocytes (44XX) —> 1st meitoic division (halt PI)
    - Menarche —> meiosis continues
  3. 2° Oocytes (22X) —> 2nd meitoic division (halt MII)
    - + polar body
    - Fertilisation —> meiosis continues
  4. Ootids (22X) —> differentiation
    - + polar body
  5. Ova (22X)
23
Q

What are the 9 female reproductive hormones?

A

Oestrogens:
- oestradiol
- oestrone
- oestriol

Progestogens:
- progesterone

Androgens:
- testosterone
- androstenedione
- DHEA

Relaxin

Inhibin

24
Q

What are theca cells?

A

Outer ovarian cells (LH-receptors)
Functions:
1. Folliculogenesis
- structural and nutritional support
2. Hormone synthesis (androgens)
- testosterone
- androstenedione
- DHEA
—> overactivity leads to PCOS

25
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

Inner ovarian cells (FSH-receptors)
Functions:
1. Hormone synthesis
- androgens to oestrogens via aromatase
- inhibin —> dec FSH
- activin —> inc FSH
Post-ovulation —> granulosa lutein cells
- progesterone —> maintain endometrium to
promote pregnancy
- relaxin —> preparation for pregnancy - cervix,
endometrium, pelvic ligaments)

26
Q

What are the 2 cell types of seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Sertoli —> spermatogenesis
  2. Leydig —> hormone production
27
Q

What are the 2 cell types of ovaries?

A
  1. Theca
  2. Granulocytes
28
Q

How are the reproductive hormones produced from cholesterol?

A
  1. Cholesterol —> pregnenolone
  2. Pregnenolone —> progesterone
    —> androgens
  3. Androgens —> oestrogens
    - via aromatase in granulosa cells
29
Q

How are androgens converted to oestrogens?

A

Aromatase

30
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A
  1. Hypothalamus - kisspeptin —> GnRH
  2. Pituitary - GnRH —> LH/FSH (gonadotrophs)
  3. Gonads - LH/FSH —> oestrogens
    —> androgens
    —> progesterone, activin, inhibin
31
Q

How is the HPG monitored?

A
  • Measure LH/FSH - every 10 mins
    - pulsatile
  • Measure testosterone/oestrogen/progesterone
  • Can’t measure GnRH —> too little in blood
32
Q

How is the HPG axis regulated? (2)

A

Negative Feedback
1. Oestrogen/testosterone - kisspeptin —> GnRH
2. Prolactin - kisspeptin
—> prolactinoma affects HPG axis
∵ kisspeptin neurones have prolactin and oestrogen
receptors

33
Q

What is oligo/amenorrhoea?

A

Lose periods
Oligomenorrhoea —> >35 days
Amenorrhoea —> 3-6 months

2.4 BRS Endocrinology (9 decks)

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