Reproductive system disorders

Question 1

Vagnitis/cervicitis

Answer 1

microbial infection and inflammation > disrupt integrit of Vx lining or Cx > can ascend tract > PID > untreated infection can cause onging discomfort and complications

Question 2

Vaginitis/cervicitis and pregnancy

Answer 2

• Preterm labour and birth
• postpartum infections
• PID
• Post surgical complications

Question 3

Vaginitis/cervicitis manifestations

Answer 3

• PV discharge
• irritation, itching, inflammation
• Foul Vx odour
• Pain with intercourse

Question 4

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 4

presence of bacteria > Infection of upper repro tract involving uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries > scar tissue and adhesions in pelvic cavity > alterations in normal reproductive activity >

• infertility
• ectopic pregnancy
• asbscesses in tubes/overies

Question 5

PID manifestations

Answer 5

• lower abdominal pain
• Purulent Cx discharge
• Cx Pain
• Dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
• Dysuria

Question 6

PID risk factors

Answer 6

• lower reprod. tract infections
• previous PID
• Sexual activity
• Multiple sexual partners
• Reproductive age <25

Question 7

Endometriosis

Answer 7

Functional endometrial tissue in sites other than uterus >lesions respond to hormones becoming proliferative, secretory and undergoing menstrual breakdown > bleeding causes irritation of exposed tissue

Question 8

Mild endometriosis

Answer 8

(stage 1) lesions are small and on surface of structures: may be isolated or scattered throughout pelvic region

Question 9

Moderate endometriosis

Answer 9

(stage 2-3) lesions are larger and more widespread.
often include ovaries, uterosacral ligaments and puch of douglas
infiltrating the surrounding tissue and scar tissue and adhesions may be significant

Question 10

Severe Endometriosis

Answer 10

(stage 4) legions throughout most pelvic organs and significant scar tissue and adhesions likely to distort pelvic anatomy

Question 11

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Answer 11

Endocrine disorder altering ovarian hormone production > decreased femal hormones & increased androgen production > oligoovulation or anovulation increased androgen activity and polycystic ovaries

Question 12

primary infertility

Answer 12

couple has never been able to conceive

Question 13

secondary infertility

Answer 13

failure to conceive after previous conception

Question 14

Subfertility

Answer 14

couple is less fertile than other couples. distinguished from infertility by shorter time without conception

Question 15

Male infertility potential causes (8)

Answer 15

• Abdominal spermatogenesis
• defective spermatogenesis
• defective sperm transport
• endocrine dysfunction
• altered semen values
• trauma
• infections/cancer
• exposure to toxins

Question 16

Female infertility potential causes

Answer 16

• endocrine dysfunction
• abnormalities of ovarian cycle
• ineffective tubular transport of ovum
• Uterine abnormalities
• menstrual abnormalities
• thick Cx mucus
• Infections/cancer
• exposure to toxins
• advanced maternal age
• body fat %

Question 17

infertility pathophysiology

Answer 17

• anything that inhibits sperm and ovum meeting

- anything that prevents implantation

Question 18

infertility investigations

Answer 18

• Semen analysis
• postcoital tests (Cx mucus with seman deposition within 6 hours)
• Endocrine analysis
• Examination of reproductive structures
• assessment for infections/pathologies

Question 19

Assisted reproductive techniques

Answer 19

• donation
• Artificial insemination
• Gamete intrafallopian trasnfer
• In virtro fertilisation (IVF)
• intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF with sperm injection)
• surrogacy