Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

mcat biology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Upon ovulation , the oocytes is released into the?

A

abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Cycle phases

A

Interphase, G0, G1, S, G2, M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

G0 stage

A

the cell is living and serving its function ( i.e nerve cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G1 stage

A
  • Grow in size
    - Create organelles
    - DNA quality control checkpoint by p53
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

S phase

A
  • Replication

- 46 chromosomes present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

G2 phase

A
  • DNA and organelle quality control checkpoint by p53
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

M phase

A
  • 4 phases within

- Include cytokinesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Control of the cell cycle

A
  • Cdk and cyclin complex forms
    • Cdk phosphorylate Transcription factors
    • Transcription factors initiate transcription
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cancer

A
  • Result of deranged cycle regardless of quality or quantity.
    - Caused by mutated p53
    - Metastasis is a result of blood vessel formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitosis Consist of 4 phases

A

Prophase
Metaphae
Anaphase
Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin condensation
    - Centrioles polarize , localize at centrosome, form spindle and kinetochore fibers, express asters that anchor them to cell membrane
    - Nuclear membrane dissolves
    - Kinetochore appear on centromere.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosome aligns at metaphase plate (equatorial plate)

- Kinetochore fibers attach to kinetochore.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids split

- Shortening of kinetochore fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis.

A
  • Spindle disappears
    - Nuclear membrane reforms
    - Chromosomes uncoil
    - Separation of cytoplasm and organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Meiosisproduces four unidentical cells

Why?

A

crossing over , random fertilization, and independent assortment of chromosomes (Mendel’s law).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

other name for Meiosis

A

Reductional division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

other name for mitosis

A

Equatorial division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sex-linked disorders

A
  • Males are hemizygous; expressing any defects

- Females are homozygous; carrier of the defect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Y chromosome

A
  • Contains SRY gene; formation of male gonads.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

Sperm production and nourishment by Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cells of leydig

A
  • Secrete testosterone

- Binds LH

22
Q

Epididymis

A
  • Spermiogenesis (maturation)
23
Q

Vas deferens

A
  • Raises and lowers testes according to temp

- Leads sperm to ejaculatory duct

24
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A
  • Posterior to prostate

- Fuse into urethra

25
Q

Urethra

A
  • Final tunnel before exiting
26
Q

Seminal vesicle

A
  • Adds fructose for ATP
27
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A
  • Cleans out remnants of urine

- Lubricatres urethra

28
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • Formation of haploid sperm
29
Q

Purpose of acrosome vesicle

A
  • to penetrate granulosa cells and corona radiata.
30
Q

ovaries

A

produce estrogen and progesterone

31
Q

Fallopian tube ( isthmus, ampula, fimbrae)

A
  • Propels egg forward
32
Q

Uterus

A
  • zygote development

- Myometrium, endometrium

33
Q

Ovulation

A

is between puberty and menopause (≈400 ovums

34
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Started before birth
    - Formation of haploid ovum
    - Limited time process
    - By puberty: diploid primary oocytes arrested at Prophase I (diplotene)
    - Menarche: first menstrual cycle
35
Q

Zona pellucida

A
  • Protect oocyte
    - Made of glycoproteins
    - Degraded by sperm acrosin (zona lysin)
36
Q

Each menstrual cycle

A

secretion of haploid secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase II

37
Q

Corona radiata

A
  • Granulosa cells

- Degraded by acrosomal enzymes (hyaluronidase)

38
Q

Meiosis II is completed only after______

A

fertilization

39
Q

Sexual Development signal pathway for men

A
  • GnRH released (hypothalamus) → FSH and LH are released (anterior pituitary) → sexual development.
40
Q

Sexual Development signal pathway for Women

A

GnRH released (hypothalamus) → FSH and LH are released (anterior pituitary) → ovaries → estrogen and progesterone

41
Q

Male sexual development facts

A
  • Androgens production (fetal period)
    - Androgen levels low (pre-puberscent)
    - Androgen levels high and sperm production (post-puberty)
    - LH stimulates cells of leydig to produce testosterone
42
Q

Ovaries produce_____ & ______

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

43
Q

Estrogen facts

A
  • as a response to FSH
    - Maintain secondary sexual characteristics ( breast, hips, etc)
    - Stimulate development of reproductive tract
    - establishes endometrium
  • IN the follicular phase, exerts negative feedback to FSH, LH, and GnRH pulsations. However, as estrogen rises towards ti peak concentration, this negative feedback switches to a positive feedback system.
44
Q

Progesterone facts

A
  • Secreted by corpus luteum (granulosa + thecal cells)
    - Stimulates endometrium secretory phase
    - exerts negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH.
    - Supplied by placenta during pregnancy
45
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • Egg develops
    - Endometrial lining becomes vascularized glandularized
    - FSH ⇡
    - Estrogen ⇣, then ⇡
    - Progesterone ⇣
46
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Egg is released
    - FSH ⇡
    - LH ⇡⇡
    - Estrogen ⇡
    - Progesterone ⇣
47
Q

Luteal phase

A
  • Corpus Luteum secretes progestrone
    - FSH ⇣
    - Estrogen ⇡
    - Progesterone ⇡ ⇡
48
Q

Endometrium cycle

A
  • Shedding of endometrial lining
    - FSH ⇣
    - LH ⇣
    - Estrogen ⇣
    - Progesterone ⇣
49
Q

Key difference between mitosis and Meiosis

A

During metaphase of MITOSIS, centromeres are present directly on the metaphase plate; during metaphase of MEIOSIS, there are no centromers on the metaphase plate.

50
Q

A female embryo will have an X chromosome exactly identical to who?

A

The father

“if there are two of a kind of chromosome , those chromosomes will be subjected to CROSSING OVER, during prophase I.”
The father’s X chromosome won’t have the opportunity for crossing over.

mcat biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions