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Anatomy 2 Lecture > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Acrosin

A

Enzyme that activates the sperm

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2
Q

Neuraminidase and Hyaluronidase

A

Enzymes that help sperm penetrate the corona radiata and zona pellucida of ovum

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3
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Sperm are produced by germ cells in the seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

What 2 functions do the Interstitial Cells of Leydig have?

A
  1. Secrete testosterone used to develop secondary sex characteristics
  2. Work with FSH to stimulate sperm
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5
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Support cells joined tightly together to form the blood-testis barrier

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6
Q

How does the blood-testis barrier protect sperm from the immune system?

A

It prevents an immune response towards the surface antigens on sperm

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7
Q

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)

A

-Secreted by Sertoli cells during the early stages of fetal life
Result: The male reproductive duct develops; thus if mullerian duct developed, the women’s reproductive duct would develop

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8
Q

Inhibins and Activins

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells after puberty

- They work together tp regulate FSH secretion

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9
Q

Androgen Binding Protein

A
  • AKA Testerone binding globulin

- Increases testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules to stimulate spermatogenesis

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10
Q

Estradiol

A

Aromatase from Sertoli cells convert testosterone to 17 beta estradiol to DIRECT spermatogenesis

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11
Q

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells
  • Functions in promoting undifferentiating spermatogonia, which ensures stem cell self-renewal during the perinatal (after birth) period
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12
Q

ETS Related Molecule

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells
  • AKA ERM transcription factor
  • Needed for maintenance of the spermatogonial stem cell in the adult testis
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13
Q

Transferrin

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells

- A blood plasma protein for iron ion delivery

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14
Q

Travel of Sperm

A

Leave the Seminiferous Tubules via efferent ducts-> epididymis to mature for 2 weeks consuming fructose-> vas deferens

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15
Q

The Dartos Muscle

A
  • Lines the scrotum

- Responsible for contraction of the scrotum when cold and relaxation when hot; also forms a septum in the scrotum

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16
Q

Vasectomy

A

Tying and cutting the vas deferens for contraceptive purposes; ONLY SPERM AND FRUCTOSE are being cut off (not the 3 glands)

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17
Q

Vasovasostomy

A

Reversal of a vasectomy

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18
Q

The Cremaster Muscle

A
  • Within the scrotum
  • AKA the ductus deferens or the spermatic duct
  • It leaves the epididymis carrying sperm and fructose during ejaculation
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19
Q

What is semen made of?

A

Sperm, secretions from the seminal vesicle, prostate, and cowper’s/bulbourethral gland

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20
Q

Seminal Vesicle Secretions

A

An alkaline, viscous fluid high in fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen

21
Q

What does fibrinogen do?

A

It coagulates and thus thickens the semen

22
Q

Prostate Secretions

A

A milky secretion containing citric acid (used by sperm make ATP), enzymes that work with fibrinogen to coagulate semen and seminal plasmin
*Makes the semen white

23
Q

Seminal plasmin

A

Antibiotic that destroys certain bacteria; Keeps the bacteria in the vagina under control to protect the entering sperm and ensure fertilization

24
Q

Cowper’s/ Bulbourethral Gland

A

An alkaline liquid used to lubricate the urethra for smooth passage of semen and to neutralize vaginal and residual urethral acidity

25
Q

What is the name and function of the erectile tissue in the penis?

A

Creation of sensation

2: Corpus spongiosum(surrounds the urethra) and corpus cavernosum(surrounds the deep artery)

26
Q

How is an erection brought about?

A

The PNS causes vasodilation and gorging of the erectile tissue

27
Q

How is ejaculation brought about?

A

The SNS stimulates the bulbospongiosus muscle to contract and force semen out. The contraction is under the control of a spinal reflex in the saccral spinal nerves.

28
Q

Glans Penis

A

The head of the penis and contains the most concentrated mass of nerve endings for stimulation.

29
Q

Why is a semen analysis done?

A

If there is a problem with infertility

30
Q

Semen Analysis looks at…

A

1) Volume- 2.5-5 cc(ml)
2) Sperm Count- 50 to 150 million/cc; 20 is considered infertility
3) pH- should be alkaline
4) Morphology- acceptable malformations of sperm are 30-35%; more leads to infertility
5) Liquefaction should occur in 10-20 minutes (slowed= enzyme problem)
6) Motility- how well the sperm move and properly

31
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testes; can lead to a zero sperm count

32
Q

Sperm in the Female Reproductive Tract

A
  • viable in the tract for 24-72 hours after ejaculation

- once here, they are further activated (CAPACITATION)

33
Q

Lining of the Vagina

A
  • Mucous epithelial tissue to reduce friction
  • Helps avoid DYSPAREUNIA (painful intercourse)
  • And during stimulation, Bartholin’s glands secrete a lubricant
34
Q

The Clitoris

A
  • the female equivalency to the penis in the function of stimulation and NOT FERTILIZATION
  • It is erectile tissue
35
Q

The Cervix

A

The neck of the uterus; its opening is the “OS”

36
Q

Nulliparous vs. Parous Cervix

A
  • Nulli: never delivered a baby vaginally; small circle os

- Parous: delivered at least 1 baby vaginallu

37
Q

Layers of the Uterus

A

Out to in: Perimetrium, Myometrium (smooth muscle and thickest layer), Endometrium

38
Q

The Endometrium

A
  • Shed each month during the period

- Highly vascularized and has 3 components

39
Q

Components of the Endometrium

A

1) Innermost layer composed of simple columnar epithelium lines the lumen
2) An underlying endometrial stroma; a very thick region of lamina propria (areolar CT)
3) Two Layers: Stratum functionalis- lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation; Stratum basalis- the permanent layer that gives rise to a new stratum funct. after each period

40
Q

Where is the ovum(egg) housed?

A

The ovarian follicle

41
Q

The Travel of the Egg

A

Egg released during ovulation-> trapped by the fimbriae of the fallopian tube-> movement of the egg towards the uterus via cilia

42
Q

Embryo Implantation

A
  • After fertilization and occurs in the fallopian tube usually on day 9
  • Implants into the posterior uterine wall
43
Q

How do identical twins occurs?

A
  • AKA monozygotic, maternal
  • Came from 1 zygote, 1 egg, 1 sperm, 1 set of genes
  • Occur due to the splitting of the embryo after one cleavage
44
Q

How do non-identical twins occur?

A
  • AKA dizygotic, fraternal
  • From both ovaries, 2 eggs viable to be fertilized; the result of 2 ovulations and 2 sperm
  • Gender depends on law of independent assortment
45
Q

Corpus Luteum (yellow body)

A
  • The state of the empty follicle after ovulation
  • secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrium
  • A functional part of the menstrual cycle and maintenance of pregnancy
46
Q

Corpus Albicans (white body)

A
  • if fertilization DOESN’T happen, the corpus luteum deteriorates into this
  • progesterone levels fall off
  • The endometrium degenerates and the period begins
47
Q

Chorion

A
  • an extraembryonic membrane that mimics luteinizing hormone
  • if pregnancy occurs, the developing embryo produces hCG from this membrane
  • stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone
48
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

When the developing embryo implants outside and not inside te uterus. The most common site for this the Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy)

49
Q

Dystocia

A

Painful labor

*Pain reduction: epidural injected into epidural space which numbs nerves

Anatomy 2 Lecture (3 decks)

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